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197 > Spatial Reference System > Flashcards

Spatial Reference System Flashcards

1
Q

the shape of the earth given by the gravitational equipotential surface

A

geoid

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2
Q

according to gravitational theory, if the Earth were homogeneous in composition, its shape would be an _____ of rotation

A

ellipsoid

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3
Q

equator radius is shorter than those at the poles

A

ELLIPSOID

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4
Q

according to gravitational theory, if the Earth were homogeneous in composition, its shape would be an ____ of rotation

A

ellipsoid

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5
Q

The rotation of the Earth, which generates centrifugal force, causes its _____ shape

A

ellipsoidal

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6
Q

`the flattening at the poles amounts to only ___

A

1/298

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7
Q

also means that the radius at right angles to the axis of rotation is slightly greater than that along, the axis, thereby creating the major and minor axes

A

ellipsoidal shape

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8
Q
  • from the geometric interpretation of Descartes, the cartesian coordinate system
  • linear distances (meters, feet)
A

PLANE COORDINATES

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9
Q
  • angular measurement is used based on the sexagesimal scale (degree, minutes, second)
A

SPHERICAL/GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEM

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10
Q

how we travel from a certain reference
how far from prime meridian
east to west

A

longitude

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11
Q

All spatial data is a _____

A

coordinate reference

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12
Q

2 main types of coordinate reference

A

Geographic - use a spherical coordinate
Projected (plane geometry)

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13
Q

lambda — ____
phi — ______

A

longitude, latitude

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14
Q

converting lambda and phi to x and y

A

map projection

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15
Q

characteristic ng ellipsoid and how that ellipsoid would fit in a local area we’re mapping

A

DATUM

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16
Q

Combining the info of ellipsoid
characterize ellipsoid into showing that it is close to the local characteristic

A

DATUM

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17
Q

The combination of a reference surface (the ellipsoid) and a point in which it is linked to the geoid

A

DATUM

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18
Q

3D to 2D
parameters of projection
measurement units (feet or meters)

A

PROJECTION

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19
Q

PROPERTIES OF GRATICULES ON SPHERE

A

Parallels are true east-west lines.
Parallels are equally spaced between equator and the poles.
Parallels are always,,,, PARALLEL to one another
Meridians are spaced farthest along the equator and converges at the poles
Parallels and meridians cross at right angles.

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20
Q

types of distortion

A

shape
area
distance
direction

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21
Q

what are the changes when we project maps

A

hindi na right angle
iba ung radius
not just the graticules will change pati ung map itself
look at distortion ellipses

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22
Q

all spatial data is in a coordinate reference (t or f)

A

t

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23
Q

Lat/long good for locating ____ on surface of a globe.

A

positions

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24
Q

Lat/long is not efficient for measuring _____

A

distances and areas.

25
Q

Latitude and longitude are ___ units of measures.

A

not uniform

26
Q

types of cartographic projection

A

cylindrical projection
conical projection
azimuthal projection

27
Q

A _____is a reference system for identifying locations and measuring features on a flat (map) surface.

A

projected coordinate system (PCS)

28
Q

defines the size and shape of the ellipsoid earth and the origin (or position) and orientation (or direction) with respect to the Earth.

A

Geodetic Datum

29
Q

defined to give the best fit between the surface of the ellipsoid and the Earth’s surface at the area of interest

A

Geodetic Datum

30
Q

The ____POSITIONS the reference ellipsoid so that it best approximates the geoid in a specific area of interest.

A

datum

31
Q

Describes the generalized shape of the Earth. All mapping and coordinate systems begin with this description.

A

The Ellipse

32
Q

Defines origin and orientation of the coordinate axes
(as well the size/shape of Earth)

A

The Datum

33
Q

Provides the information needed to anchor the abstract
coordinates to the Earth.

A

datum

34
Q

a simple model describing the basic shape of the Earth. All mapping and coordinate systems are based on this shape.

A

ellipse

35
Q

____ is an approximation and does not fit the Earth
perfectly

A

ellipsoid

36
Q

The datum always specifies the ellipsoid that is used, but the ellipsoid does not specify the datum! (t or f)

A

true

37
Q

____ are based on specific ellipsoids and sometimes have the same name as the ellipsoid.

A

Datums

38
Q

commonly used in research because it tends to be more locally accurate, and furthermore, it has attributes that make the estimating distance easy and accurate.

A

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

39
Q

preserves angles and direction, but distorts distance.

A

mercator

40
Q

used to specify positions on the Earth’s roughly spherical surface

A

geographic coordinate system

41
Q

proportion between a distance on a map and a corresponding distance on the ground (Dm / Dg).

A

Map scale

42
Q

To ___ is to reproduce it at a different size

A

scale a map

43
Q

Locations on the Earth’s surface are measured and represented in terms of____
- a set of two or more numbers that specifies the position of a point, line, or other geometric figure in relation to some reference system

A

coordinates

44
Q

The point at which both x and y equal zero is called the ______

A

origin of the coordinate system.

45
Q

The north-south scale, called____(designated by the Greek symbol phi), ranges from +90° (or 90° N) at the North pole to -90° (or 90° S) at the South pole while the equator is 0°

A

latitude / parallel (line of lat)

46
Q

The east-west scale, called _____(conventionally designated by the Greek symbol lambda), ranges from +180° to -180°. Because the Earth is round, +180° (or 180° E) and -180° (or 180° W) are the same grid line.

A

longitude (meridian=line of long)

47
Q

______has diversions that pass around some territories and island groups so that they do not need to cope with the confusion of nearby places being in two different days.

A

International Date Line

48
Q

Opposite the International Date Line on the other side of the globe is the _____, the line of longitude defined by international treaty as 0°.

A

prime meridian

49
Q

the juxtaposition of any two measurement scales

A

plane coordinate system

50
Q

Latitude and longitude coordinates specify positions in a spherical grid called ____

A

the graticule

51
Q

____also yield meridians that are straight and convergent, but parallels form concentric circles rather than arcs. ______are also called azimuthal because every ______preserves the property of azimuthality, directions (azimuths) from one or two points to all other points on the map. The projected graticule shown above is the result of an Azimuthal Equidistant projection in its normal polar aspect.

A

Planar projections

52
Q

______yield straight meridians that converge toward a single point at the poles, parallels that form concentric arcs.

A

Conic projections

53
Q

____equations yield projected graticules with straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles.

A

Cylindric projection

54
Q

So-called equal-area projections maintain correct proportions in the sizes of areas on the globe and corresponding areas on the projected grid

A

Equivalence

55
Q

The distortion ellipses plotted on the ______shown above vary substantially in size, but are all the same circular shape.

A

conformal projection

56
Q

______allow distances to be measured accurately along straight lines radiating from one or, at most, two points or they can have correct distance (thus maintain scale) along one or more lines.

A

Equidistant map projections

57
Q

_______preserve directions (azimuths) from one or two points to all other points on the map.

A

Azimuthal projections

58
Q
A

197 (3 decks)

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