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Spanish Grammar Flashcards

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1
Q

If a word ends in a vowel or the consonant n or s, and does not have a written accent, then the word is stressed on the penultimate (next to last) syllable.

A

CAma (bed) pasaPORte (passport)

esCRIben (they write) LUnes (monday)

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2
Q

What are subject pronouns?

A

Subject pronouns is the term used to refer to the following set of words:

I, you, he, she, it we they

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3
Q

The THREE uses of definite articles

A
  1. To designate a noun in a general or collective sense
  2. To designate a noun in a specific sense
  3. Used in Spanish with titles of much respect such as SR.
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4
Q

Definite Articles used to designate a noun in a general or collective sense

A

El jamón es una carne popular

Las tartas son dulces

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5
Q

Definite Articles used to designate a noun in a specific sense

A

Los bocadillos del bar La Chula son deliciosos

La tortilla de patata es mi merienda favorita

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6
Q

Definite Articles used in Spanish with titles of much respect such as Sr.

A

El Sr. Herrera toma un cafe

La professor Martinez habla español

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7
Q

What are the three uses of the verb SER

A
  1. With an adjective to describe something or someone
  2. With an adjective of nationality
  3. With the preposition de to indicate place of origin
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8
Q

The verb SER used with an adjective to describe something or someone

A

El pollo es rico

Las tartas son deliciosas

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9
Q

The verb SER used with an adjective of nationality

A

Me llamo Antonio, vivo en Texas, per soy Mexicano

Soy Valeria Herrera del Castillo y soy venezolana

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10
Q

With the preposition de to indicate a place of origen

A

Mi nombre es Alejandra, y soy de Colombia

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11
Q

When to use Estar

A

When talking about food and drink in English we use the words ‘to be’to describe taste and appearance. In Spanish, the verb estar is used to express these ideas.

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12
Q

Uses of Estar

A

El pollo está rico
The chicken tastes delicious

La tortilla de patata está salada
The potato omelette tastes salty

Los churros están frescos
The pastries taste/ look fresh

El café está caliente
The coffee feels warm

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13
Q

Hay is often used with nouns that are preceded by an indefinite article or number

A

Hay una cama en mi cuarto

There is a bed in my room

Hay tres camas en mi cuarto

There are three beds in my room

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14
Q

When these nouns are referred to in a general or generic way, or in the negative, the indefinite article is often ommitted.

A

Hay libros en la biblioteca

There are books in the library

No hay estereo en mi cuarto

There is no stereo in my room

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15
Q

To ask to whom something belongs?

A

De + quién(es) + ser + noun?

eg De quién es el libro?

Whose book is it?

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16
Q

How to use gustar when you are using it in the second and third person singular

A

When we use le gusta or les gusta, it may be less clear as to who the action is pleasing. Therefore, when we initiate a discussion about someone’s likes or dislikes, you should either include a proper name or pronoun. The person’s name or pronoun must be preceeded by the proposition “A”. You cannot say: Juan le gusta estudiar pintura. You must say: A Juan le gusta estudiar pintura.

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17
Q

Gustar

A

Use gusta if what is pleasing is singular and gustan if it is plural

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18
Q

Tener que + infinitivo

A

To inquire about or say what you or someone else HAS TO DO

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19
Q

Tener ganas de + infinitivo

A

To inquire about or say that you or someone else FEELS LIKE DOING.

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20
Q

Tengo que comer

A

I have to eat

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21
Q

Tengo ganas de viajar este verano

A

I feel like travelling this summer

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22
Q

Saber

A

To know a fact, to have knowledge of, to know how to do something

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23
Q

Conocer

A

To know a person (having met or heard about him or her), to be familiar with a place or thing.

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24
Q

Saber conjugation

A 
Yo Sé
Tu sabes
El sabe
Nosotros sabemos
Ellos saben
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25
Q

Conocer conjugation

A 
Yo conozco
Tu conoces
El conoce
Nosotros conocemos
Ellos conocen
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26
Q

Examples using Saber

A

Sé muy poco de Roberto

I know very little about Robert

Como es?

What is he like

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27
Q

Examples using Saber

A

Sabe dónde está la estación de policía

Do you know where the police station is?

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28
Q

Examples using Saber

A

Sé contar hasta diez en español

I know how to count to ten in Spanish

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29
Q

Examples using Conocer

A

Conozco bien a mi hermana

I know my sister well

Conocemos Mexico. Visitamos Mexico en julio

We visited Mexico in July

Enrique no conoce la música de Juanes

Enrique is not familiar with Juanes’ music

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30
Q

The direct object pronoun and its use with the verb conocer

A

Only when the direct object of a verb is a specific human being or an animal that is personalised, is it preceded by the preposition a. There is no equivalent in english.

Escuchas a tu madre? - Do you listen to your mother?

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31
Q

The direct object pronoun and its use with the verb conocer

A

Note that when the definite article in the masculine singular form follows the personal a, the contraction al is used.

Admiras al presidente? - Do you admire the president?

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32
Q

When pensar is followed directly by an infinitive

A

In this case the meaning changes to “to plan to do something” or “intend to do something”

Eg: Pienso trabajar este verano

I plan to work this summer

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33
Q

When pensar is followed by en….pensar en

A

In this case it means “to think about”

En que piensas? - What are you thinking about?

Pienso en mi familia - I am thinking about my family

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34
Q

The meaning of Empezar + infinitive

A

To begin to do something

e.g.: Empiezo a trabajar el lunes
I begin to work on Monday

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35
Q

The meaning of sonar con

A

To dream about doing something

Sueño con tener luna casa grande
I dream of having a big house

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36
Q

The meaning of Volver + infinitive

A

Volver a + infinitive means to do something again

e.g.: Por fin vuelvo a estudiar español

At last I am studying Spanish again

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37
Q

To express the immediate future in Spanish

A

IR + a + infinitive

Qué vas a hacer esta tarde?
What are you going to do this afternoon

Voy a estar en case
I am going to be home

Que van a hacer este fin de semana?
What are you going to do this weekend?

Vamos a viajar
We are going to travel

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38
Q

Reflexive Verbs

A

In most cases reflexive verbs are used when ‘the doer’ of the action and ‘the receiver’ of the action are the same. In other words, reflexive verbs express actions that the subject does to himself, herself, or itself or that the subjects do to themselves. Yo can easily identify the reflexive verbs in the infinitive form by looking for the pronoun se (levantarse, peinarse).

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39
Q

Reflexive Verbs

A

When the verb is conjugated, the reflexive pronoun precedes it; with an infinitive, the pronoun is attached to the end of it.

Me levanto a las seis y media todas las mañanas
Mañana quiero levantarme a las seis y media

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40
Q

El presente progresivo: Para expresar acciones que tienen lugar (take place) en este momento.

A

In Spanish, when you want to show an action is in progress at the moment you are speaking, you use the present progressive. We use the verb estar plus another verb ending in -ndo. This -ndo form of the verb is known as the present participle (in Spanish, el gerundio).

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41
Q

Examples using el gerundio

A

Que estás haciendo ahora mismo?
What are you doing right now?

Estoy estudiando
I am stuydying

Que están haciendo tus amigos en este momento?
What are your friends doing at this moment?

Están mirando un programa de la tele
They are watching a TV programme

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42
Q

To compare objects (singular)

A

Tanto/a + singular noun + como

Esta mañana hay tanta niebla como ayer por la mañana.
It’s AS foggy this morning AS it was yesterday morning

Hace TANTO calor en Puerto Rico COMO en la Republica Dominicana
It is AS hot in Puerto Rico AS in the Dominican Republic

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43
Q

To compare objects (plural)

A

Tantos/as + plural + como

Hoy hay TANTAS nubes en San Juan COMO en Santo Domingo
There are AS many clouds in San Juan today AS in Santo Domingo

Hoy no están cayendo TANTOS rayos COMO ayer
There is not AS much lightning today AS yesterday

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44
Q

To compare qualities or manner

A

Tan + adjetive/ adverb + como

Ir a la playa es TAN divertido COMO acampar en las montañas
Going to the beach is AS fun AS camping in the mountains

Puerto Rico es TAN caluroso COMO Cuba
Puerto Rico is AS hot AS Cuba

En verano llueve TAN intensamente en Cuba COMO en la Republica Dominicana
In the summer it rains AS intensely in Cuba AS in the Dominican Republic

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45
Q

To compare actions

A

verb + tanto como

Me gusta la primavera TANTO COMO el verano
I like spring AS MUCH AS fall

En agosto llueve TANTO COMO en septiembre
In August it rains AS MUCH AS in September

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46
Q

To compare objects, qualities, or actions

A

más/ menos + noun/ adjective/ adverb + que

Esta semana hay MÁS / MENOS nubes QUE la semana pasada
This week is MORE/ LESS cloudy than last week

Hoy hace MÁS/ MENOS frío que ayer
Today it’s colder/ LESS cold THAN yesterday

Esta tarde está nevando MÁS/ MENOS intensamente QUE esta mañana.
This afternoon it’s snowing MORE/ LESS intensely THAN this morning

47
Q

The use of Superlatives

A

To convey in Spanish, the idea expressed in English by -est, the most, or the least, use the following construction:

Definite Article + Noun + Más/ Menos + Adjective

48
Q

Examples using Superlatives

A

la semana mas seca
the dryest week

el invierno menos frío
the least cold winter

el verano más caluroso
the hottest summer

el mes menos lluvioso
the least rainy month

49
Q

Expressions to use with sports

A

Hacer + name of sport

Jugar + name of sport

Practicar + name of sport

There is no specific rule to guide you in selecting an appropriate expression. You must learn which verb is used with which sport. That said PRACTICAR may be used with virtually any sport.

50
Q

Expressions to use with sports

A

Hacer is used in the following cases……hacer…..pesas, patina, surf

Jugar a is used in the following cases…..jugar al…..básquestbol, béisbol, fútbol, fútbol americano, golf, hockey sobre hilo, vólibol

Practicar may be used with nearly any of the terms. It generally refers to sports that you play on a regular basis: practicar al…….básquetbol, béisbol, esquí, fútbol, fútbol americano, golf, hockey sobre hielo, surf, tenis, vólibol.

51
Q

To speak about an action that has happened in the immediate past

A

Acabar de + infinitive

52
Q

A select group of AR verbs undergo spelling changes when conjugated in the preterite. This spelling change affects only the first person singular: the YO form. The remaining forms are regular. In the preterite c becomes qu

A

Buscar - Busqué

Explicar - Expliqué

Pescar - Pesqué

Practicar - Practiqué

Sacar - Saqué

Tocar - Toqué

53
Q

Spelling change in the preterite g becomes gu

A

Llegar - Llegué

Jugar - Jugué

Pagar - Pagué

54
Q

Spelling change in the preterite z becomes c

A

Empezar - Empecé

Abrazar - Abracé

Comenzar - Comencé

Utilizar - Utilicé

55
Q

IR verbs in the preterite change from e to i in the third person singular and plural forms.

A

Sentir - Sintío, sintieron

Divertir - divirtió, divirtieron

Preferir - prefirió, prefirieron

Sugerir - sugirió, sugirieron

56
Q

Direct Object

A

A DIRECT OBJECT is a person or thing that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action and answers the question “what” or “whom”. An action verb with a direct object is called a transitive verb.

57
Q

When the direct object of a verb is a specific human being or an animal that is personified, it is preceded by the personal a. There is no equivalent in English

A

Conocemos a los Smith
We know the Smith’s

Escuchas a tu madre?
Do you listen to your mother

Admiras al presidente?
Do you admire the president

58
Q

In Spanish, as in English, whenever possible, speakers replace nouns with pronouns in order to avoid repetition. When the direct object is referred to again in conversation, speakers can use the direct object pronouns to take the place of direct object nouns. The pronouns agree with the direct object they refer to in number (singular and plural) and, in the third person, also in gender (masculine and feminine).

A

The direct object pronouns in Spanish:

me - me
te  - you (informal singular)
lo - (formal singular), him, it (m)
la - you (formal singular), her, it (f)
nos - us
os - you (informal pl)
los - you (formal pl), them (m + m, f)
las - you (formal pl), them (f)
59
Q

The direct object pronouns are used to refer to both people and things:

A

Compró Marta una casa
Did Marta buy a house

Si, la compró ayer
Yes, she bought it yesterday

Conocen a Juan?
Do you know Juan

Si, lo conocemos
Yes, we know him

60
Q

With Conjugated Verbs

When the main verb of the sentence is a conjugated verb, the direct object pronoun is placed immediately in front of the conjugated verb.

A

Pronombre de complemento directo + verbo conjugado

Did you hear Juan’s message
Escuchaste al mensaje de Juan?

Yes I heard it yesterday
Si lo escuché ayer

61
Q

With Infinitives

The direct object pronoun is attached to the end of the infinitive

A

Infinitivo + pronombre de complemento directo

Gracias por invitarme a tu casa
Thank you for inviting me to your house

62
Q

With both a conjugated verb and an infinitive or present participle

When a conjugated verb and an infinitive or present participle are used together in a sentence, the direct object pronoun can be placed in EITHER of the following positions

A

in front of the conjugated verb + infinitive or present participle

pronombre de complemento directo + verbo conjugado + infinitivo/ gerundio

Are you going to pay the bill?
Vas a pagar la cuenta

Yes, I am going to pay it
Si, la voy a pagar

I am paying it now
La estoy pagando ahora

63
Q

With both a conjugated verb and an infinitive or present participle

When a conjugated verb and an infinitive or present participle are used together in a sentence, the direct object pronoun can be placed in EITHER of the following positions

A

attached to the end of the infinitive or present participle

Vas a pagar la cuenta?
Are you going to pay the bill?

Si, voy a pagarla
Yes I am going to pay it

Estoy pagandola ahora
I am paying it now

64
Q

Conjugate ESTAR in the preterite

A 
Estuve
Estuviste
Estuvo
Estuvimos
Estuvieron
65
Q

Conjugate ANDAR in the preterite

A 
Anduve
Anduviste
Anduvo
Anduvimos
Anduvieron
66
Q

Conjugate PODER in the preterite

A 
Pude
Pudiste
Pudo
Pudimos
Pudieron
67
Q

Conjugate PONER in the preterite

A 
Puse
Pusiste
Puso
Pusimos
Pusieron
68
Q

Conjugate SABER in the preterite

A 
Supe
Supiste
Supo
Supimos
Supieron
69
Q

Conjugate TENER in the preterite

A 
Tuve
Tuviste
Tuvo
Tuvimos
Tuvieron
70
Q

Conjugate HABER in the preterite

A 
Hube
Hubiste
Hubo
Hubimos
Hubieron
71
Q

Conjugate QUERER in the preterite

A 
Quise
Quisiste
Quiso
Quisimos
Quisieron
72
Q

Conjugate VENIR in the preterite

A 
Vine
Viniste
Vino
Vinimos
Vinieron
73
Q

Conjugate CONDUCIRin the preterite

A 
Conduje
Condujiste
Condujo
Condujimos
Condujeron
74
Q

Conjugate DECIR in the preterite

A 
Dije
Dijiste
Dijo
Dijimos
Dijeron
75
Q

Conjugate TRAER in the preterite

A 
Traje
Trajiste
Trajo
Trajimos
Trajeron
76
Q

Conjugate LEERin the preterite

A 
Leí
Leíste 
Leyó
Leímos
Leyeron
77
Q

Conjugate OIR in the preterite

A 
Oí
Oíste
Oyó
Oímos 
Oyeron
78
Q

Conjugate CREER in the preterite

A 
Creí
Creíste 
Creyó
Creímos
Creyeron
79
Q

The present perfect tense is used to talk about an action that has happened already, either in the general past or quite recently in relation to the moment of speaking. The equivalent in English IS TO HAVE DONE SOMETHING.

A

Han viajado últimamente
Have you travelled lately

Hemos ido a Honduras
We’ve gone to Honduras

80
Q

The present perfect tense is used to talk about an action that has happened already, either in the general past or quite recently in relation to the moment of speaking. The equivalent in English IS TO HAVE DONE SOMETHING.

Sometimes it may be used to suggest that the effects of a past event carry over into the present: “I’ve always done it that way (and still do)”

A

Siempre he comprado la ropa aquí

I have always bought clothes here (and I still do)

81
Q

To describe injuries in Spanish, you will use a number of reflexive verbs plus the relevant body part. Consider the verbs on the other card

A

Cortarse un/el dedo, la cara, etcétera
To cut oneself, one’s finger, face, etc

Hacerse una herida
To wound oneself

Lastimarse un/el pie, una/la rodilla, etcétera
To hurt oneself, one’s foot, knee, etc

Romperse una/la pierna, un/el brazo, etcétera
To break one’s leg, arm, etc

Torcerse(ue) un/el tobillo, etcétera
To sprain one’s ankle etc

82
Q

To express hurting a body part

A

the reflexive verb + an article (definite or indefinite) + the body part

83
Q

Use the definite article when you are referring to a specific body part: la pierna = one leg in particular; la cara = the only face etc

A

Maria tuvo un accidente y se lastimó el pie

Maria had an accident and hurt her foot

84
Q

Use the idefinite article when you are describing injuries in general: un brazo = an arm; un dedo = a fingir etc

A

Juan se cayó y se rompió un brazo

Juan fell and broke an arm

85
Q

The imperfect tense is used most commonly to express habitual past actions that you and other people used to (would) do

A

Qué deportes jugaba Jorge de niño?
What sports did Jorge use to play as a boy

Jugaba al fútbol y al basquetbol
He used to play soccer and basketball

Qué hacías los veranos?
What would you do/did you use to do in the summer?

Me reunía con mi familia
I would / I used to get together with my family

86
Q

Uses of the imperfect tense to describe and express situations in the past

To describe the physical attributes of people and things in the past

A

Ella era alta y tenía los ojos azules
She was tall and had blue eyes

Los veranos siempre eran muy divertidos
Summers were always lots of fun

87
Q

Uses of the imperfect tense to describe and express situations in the past

To describe the mental states, feelings, and general health in the past

A

Ayer estaba muy cansado. Tenía mucho sueño
Yesterday I was very tired. I was very sleepy

No estaba muy contento
I wasn’t very happy

To no me sentía bien
I wasn’t feeling well

88
Q

Uses of the imperfect tense to describe and express situations in the past

To express someone’s age in the past

A

Ella tenía 50 años

He was fifty years old

89
Q

Uses of the imperfect tense to describe and express situations in the past

To tell the time in the past

A

Eran las 3:30

It was 3:30

90
Q

Uses of the imperfect tense to describe and express situations in the past

With the verb haber to describe what people and/or things were at a place in the past

A

En la fiesta había mucha comida
There was a lot of food at the parte

Había 30 alumnos en la clase
There were thirty students in the class

91
Q

The Past Perfect Tense

A

The past perfect tense is used to indicate that something had already happened before something else occurred. Similar to English, this tense requires another action in the past as a reference point, whether it is stated or not, in order to make sense.

92
Q

The Past Perfect Tense (example)

A

Carlos no miró las noticias en la televisión porque ya había leído el periódico

Carlos didn’t watch the news on TV because he had already read the newspaper

Los meseros ya habían servido la cena cuando llegamos al banquete de bodas

The waiters had already served dinner when we arrived at the wedding reception

93
Q

In Spanish the pronouns nos, os, and se can be used to express actions that people do to each other. These types of actions, which involve at least two people, are referred to as reciprocal actions.

A

Nos vemos mañana
We’ll see each other tomorrow

Os encontraréis en el concierto?
Will you meet up with each other at the concert

Teresa y Juan se miran y se saludan
Teresa and Juan look at each other and greet each other

Ellos son amigos y se conocen bien
They are friends and know each other well

Se quieren mucho?
Do you/ they really love each other?

94
Q

Another common use of se is to express an action with no specific subject (person or persons performing the action). This is called an impersonal action. The equivalent in English is you, people, they, or one.

The se impersonal is formed y placing se before the third person singular form of the verb se come, se habla, se trabaja etc.

A

Se habla español aquí
You (people, they, one) speak/s Spanish here

Se escucha mucha música latina en los Estados Unidos
You (people, they, one) hear/s a lot of Latin music in the United States

En esta banda se trabaja mucho
People work a lot in this band

95
Q

In Spanish to discuss future events we can use the verb ir + a + infinitive. In addition to this structure, there are other verb structures that you may use to refer to future plans and events

A

ir + a + otro verbo en infinitivo

querer + otro verbo en infinitivo

pensar + orto verbo en infinitivo

tener (muchas) ganas de + otro verbo en infinitivo

96
Q

ir + a + otro verbo en infinitivo

A

Este fin de semana Cristina y Enrique van a tener mucho tiempo libre

97
Q

querer + otro verbo en infinitivo

A

Está claro que Enrique y Cristina quieren pasarlo bien estos días

98
Q

pensar + orto verbo en infinitivo

A

El sábado por la tarde piensan ir a un bar

99
Q

tener (muchas) ganas de + otro verbo en infinitivo

A

Enrique y Cristina tienen muchas ganas de ver el museo del prado en Madrid

100
Q

Spanish has a future tense that similar to the future tense in English, expresses what will happen.

In Spanish, however, this tense is more likely to be used in writing than in everyday conversation. When speaking, you are more likely to use and hear the alternatives you already know.

A

Visitaremos el volcán mañana

Will we visit the volcano tomorrow

Sí, llamaré por teléfono para confirmarlo

Yes, I’ll call to confirm it

101
Q

Although the two preposition por and para often correspond to the English preposition “for”, they are used to convey very specific meanings in Spanish.

A

Por is normally conveys the idea or cause

Para normally conveys the idea of a destination or a goal

102
Q

In Spanish, the most frequently used relative pronoun que. It is like the equivalent of the English words, that, which, who, and whom. It may refer to people, places, or things, which mat be feminine or masculine, singular or plural.

A

Prefiero los programas de intercambio que duran un año académico
I prefer exchange programmes that last an academic year

El consejero es el hombre que trabaja en esa oficina
The advisor is the man who works in that office

El programa de idiomas que escogí está en Panamá
The language programme that I chose is in Panama

103
Q

The relative pronouns quien and quienes refer only to people (there is no masculine/ feminine distinction ). They are used after the personal “a” or prepositions and, in those instances, are the equivalent of whom.

A

El profesor de español a quien vimos el otro dia es de Nicaragua

The Spanish professor (whom/that) we saw the other day is from Nicaragua.

La chica con quien hablé en la Oficina de Relaciones Internacionales es una estudiante de intercambio

The girl with whom I spoke in the Office of International Relations is an exchange student.

104
Q

When the relative pronouns refer to an abstract idea, lo que is used. Lo que translates into English as what or the thing that.

A

No comprendí lo que me dijo
I didn’t understand what he told me

What (The thing that) you need is a foreign internship
Lo que necesitas son practicas profesionales en el extranjero

105
Q

What three pronouns can be used to express reciprocal actions

A

Nos

Os

Se

106
Q

En

A

As a reference to a location itself

107
Q

De/ Desde

A

As a reference to a starting point or place of origin

108
Q

A/ Hasta

A

As a reference to a final destination

109
Q

A/ Hacia/ Para

A

As a reference to a movement toward a place

110
Q

Entre

A

As a reference to the distance between the location and another place

111
Q

The Preterite Describes what three things:

A
  1. An action that has been started or completed within a definitive time frame
  2. The action only occurred once
  3. The action was repeated a specific number of times
112
Q

The Imperfect Describes what three things:

A
  1. Habitual actions that are often repeated an unspecified number of times in the past
  2. To justify why someone did or did not do something
  3. To express simultaneous actions
113
Q

When do we use the Subjunctive

A

W E I R D O

Wishes and Desires

Expressions or Emotions

Impersonal Expressions

Recommendations and Requests

Doubt or Denial

Ojalá

Spanish (39 decks)

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