Spain Flashcards
1
Q
What ancient civilization founded the city of Gadir?
A
The Phoenicians
2
Q
Around what year was the city of Gadir established?
A
Around 1100 BCE
3
Q
What commodity did the Phoenicians establish as valuable in Andalucía?
A
Viticulture and wine
4
Q
What significant contribution did Phoenician ships make to the wine trade?
A
Carried grapes from the Middle East to North Africa, Mediterranean islands, and the Iberian peninsula
5
Q
What were the genetic ancestors of some modern varieties of Spain’s grapes?
A
Grapes carried by Phoenician ships
6
Q
True or False: The Phoenicians were the first to cultivate grapes in Spain.
A
False
7
Q
What civilization improved winemaking techniques in Spain after the Phoenicians?
A
The Romans
8
Q
What did the Moors forbid that affected winemaking in Spain?
A
Consumption of alcohol
9
Q
How did grapegrowing persist under the Moors despite their indifference?
A
Used for raisins and distillation for medicines, perfumes, and other goods
10
Q
What was the legal status of wine sale during Moorish rule?
A
Illegal but often tolerated
11
Q
What significant event in 1492 opened new trading opportunities for Spanish wine?
A
Christopher Columbus and Spanish explorers opened up a new world
12
Q
What style were Spanish wines often made in for export to the West Indies?
A
Deliberately rancio style
13
Q
What type of wine became increasingly popular with the English market from the late 15th century?
A
Sherry wines
14
Q
What law prevented Spanish colonies from producing their own wine in the 17th century?
A
17th century Spanish law
15
Q
What wine regions were protected by Spanish exports in the colonies?
A
Málaga and Sherry
16
Q
What major challenges did Spain face in the 19th century regarding viticulture?
A
Falling behind in new viticultural techniques
17
Q
What were oidium and phylloxera, and when did they strike France?
A
Diseases that struck France in the 1850s and 1860s
18
Q
Who were the Bordeaux-trained winemakers that influenced Rioja?
A
Marqués de Riscal and Marqués de Murrieta
19
Q
What type of oak did Spanish winemakers use for barrique aging?
A
American oak (Quercus alba)
20
Q
What traditional method sparkling wine originated in Spain’s 19th century?
A
Champaña, now known as Cava
21
Q
When did the root louse arrive in Rioja?
A
Near the dawn of the 20th century
22
Q
What were established in the 1930s to focus on quality in Spanish wine regions?
A
Consejos Reguladores
23
Q
What political regime took hold in Spain under Francisco Franco in the late 1930s?
A
Fascism
24
Q
What technological advancement did Miguel Torres bring to Catalonia in the 1960s?
A
Stainless steel and temperature-controlled fermentations
25
What regulations were approved in 1970 for Rioja?
Denominación de Origen regulations
26
What characterized the response of Spanish winegrowing regions after Franco's death in 1975?
Celebration and diversification of unique regional cultures
27
What is the current state of Spain's winemaking techniques?
A diverse mix of experimental, modern, and traditional techniques
28
What are the characteristics of Spain's wine laws today?
Some of the most adaptable in Europe
29
30
What do Denominación de Origen (DO) and Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa) represent?
The two highest tiers of quality wine in Spain, equivalent to the EU’s Protected Designation of Origin (DOP) status
31
When were the first Denominación de Origen (DO) awards given?
1932
32
What is Vinos de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica (VCIG) in the context of Spanish wine?
Considered a steppingstone to DO and also categorized as DOP in the new European appellation scheme
33
What does Vino de la Tierra (VdlT) represent in the Spanish wine classification?
The lowest level of quality wine, falling within the EU’s Protected Geographical Indication (IGP) scheme
34
What is unique about DO Pago (Vinos de Pago) estates?
They represent a theoretically superior appellation to the basic DO
35
What must an estate within an existing DO do to qualify for DO Pago status?
Surpass the basic DO requirements, typically through lowered yields and other quality winemaking measures
36
What are the requirements for an estate to apply for DO Pago status?
Show international critical praise and a decade's worth of quality production
37
What is noted about the interest in Pagos in Spain's top quality appellations?
There is notably absent interest in Pagos in regions like Rioja and Ribera del Duero
38
What aging designations are Spanish DO wines generally eligible for?
Noble, Añejo, Viejo
39
What is the minimum aging requirement for Noble wines?
Min. 18 months aging in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle
40
What is the minimum aging requirement for Añejo wines?
Min. 24 months aging in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle
41
What is the minimum aging requirement for Viejo wines?
Min. 36 months aging, demonstrates marked oxidative character
42
True or False: Terms like crianza and reserva are still commonly used on labels in Spain.
False
43
What is the status of aging terminology in the new, forward-looking Spain?
Terms like crianza and reserva are rapidly disappearing from labels
44
What regions in Spain have adapted more stringent requirements for wine classification?
Rioja and Ribera del Duero
45
46
What three autonomías comprise North Central Spain?
Navarra, La Rioja, Aragón
## Footnote
These regions are characterized by their unique geographical and climatic conditions.
47
Which mountain ranges shelter North Central Spain?
Pyrenees Mountains, Cantabrian Mountains
## Footnote
The Pyrenees divide France and Spain, creating a rain shadow effect.
48
What river emerges from the eastern Cantabrian Mountains and flows toward the Mediterranean?
Ebro River
## Footnote
The Ebro River passes through the historic Rioja DOCa.
49
What is the significance of the Rioja region's name?
Named for the Oja, a smaller tributary, not the Ebro
## Footnote
Rioja was the first region in Spain to be designated as Denominación de Origen Calificada in 1991.
50
Who guided viticulture in the Middle Ages in the Rioja region?
Christian monks
## Footnote
They played a crucial role in developing wine production techniques.
51
Who was Gonzalo de Berceo?
A 13th-century Benedictine clergyman who extolled Rioja wine
## Footnote
He is known for writing the first Spanish poetry committed to paper.
52
What change occurred in Rioja wine styles in the 19th century?
Shifted under French influence, aging in American oak became standard
## Footnote
This led to a classic style with soft red fruit and oak aromas.
53
What are the main characteristics of the classic style of Rioja red wines?
Soft, muted red fruit, firm acidity, oak aromas of coconut, vanilla, and cedar
## Footnote
These characteristics define the traditional profile of Rioja reds.
54
What grape is the main variety used in red Rioja?
Tempranillo
## Footnote
It is also the most planted grape in Spain.
55
What are the traditional blending partners for Tempranillo in Rioja?
Mazuelo (Carignan), Graciano, Garnacha
## Footnote
Together, these must comprise a minimum of 85% of the red Rioja blend.
56
What is the minimum aging requirement for red crianza wines in Rioja?
Two years, with a minimum of one year in oak
## Footnote
Aging regulations are stricter than standard requirements.
57
What is the aging requirement for Gran Reserva red wines in Rioja?
At least two years in cask and two years in bottle, totaling 60 months
## Footnote
This ensures a high-quality aging process.
58
What is the minimum aging requirement for Rioja white wines categorized as crianza?
Eighteen months
## Footnote
Reserva wines age for two years, and Gran Reserva wines age for four years.
59
What is the size of the casks used in Rioja wine aging?
225 liters (barrique)
## Footnote
This size is standard for aging red wines in Rioja.
60
What is the dominant white grape in Rioja?
Viura (Macabéo)
## Footnote
It is the primary grape used in white wine production in the region.
61
Fill in the blank: Rioja rosado wines require a minimum _______ of the four primary red grapes.
25%
## Footnote
This requirement ensures a blend of characteristic Rioja red grapes.
62
True or False: Rioja regulations for aging white wines are less strict than those for red wines.
False
## Footnote
Aging regulations for white wines follow specific guidelines similar to red wines.
63
64
What are the three climatically distinct subzones of Rioja?
Rioja Alta, Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Oriental
## Footnote
Rioja Oriental was formerly known as Rioja Baja.
65
Which subzone of Rioja is the smallest and northernmost?
Rioja Alavesa
## Footnote
Rioja Alavesa is located within Basque country.
66
What type of wine is often produced from Tempranillo in Rioja Alavesa?
Vino joven wines
## Footnote
These wines are meant for early consumption.
67
What winemaking technique may be employed for vino joven wines?
Carbonic maceration
68
Which subzone of Rioja has a slightly warmer climate suitable for classic Tempranillo?
Rioja Alta
69
What types of grapes are noted for their production in Rioja Alta?
Tempranillo, Mazuelo, Graciano
70
What is the primary soil structure shared by Rioja Alta and Rioja Alavesa?
Calcareous clay
71
What type of soil is more common in Rioja Oriental?
Alluvial soils and ferrous clay
72
Which grape variety performs best in the hot climate of Rioja Oriental?
Garnacha
73
What do many producers do to create a base style of wine in Rioja?
Source blends from all three subregions
74
What characteristics do producers aim to combine in their blends?
Freshness, extract, alcoholic warmth, acidity, structure
## Footnote
Freshness from Rioja Alavesa, extract and warmth from Rioja Oriental, acidity and structure from Rioja Alta.
75
What type of wines does López de Heredia produce?
Single vineyard wines
76
What is notable about the architectural design of Ysios winery?
Avant-garde architectural design
77
Which famous architect designed a new structure for Marqués de Riscal’s estate?
Frank Gehry
78
What significant change occurred in 2017 regarding vineyard classification?
Official single vineyard category was established
79
What requirements must be met for a vineyard to be classified as a single vineyard?
Soil assessment, vines at least 35 years old, proof of 10 years of work, tasting panel approval, hand-harvested grapes at lower yield
80
What new category was introduced in 2018 for sparkling wine?
Vino Espumoso de Calidad
81
What are the requirements for Vino Espumoso de Calidad?
Hand-harvested grapes, entire winemaking process at the same facility
82
What are the allowed styles for Vino Espumoso?
Brut Nature, Extra Brut, Brut
83
What is the minimum lees aging required for Vino Espumoso?
15 months
84
How long must Reserva and Gran Anãda wines be aged?
24 months for Reserva, 36 months for Gran Anãda
85
What is a requirement for Gran Anãda wines regarding fruit?
Must be produced with fruit harvested during a single vintage
86
What must be stated on the label of Gran Anãda wines?
The vintage date
87
88
What is the primary wine type produced in Navarra?
Red wine accounts for approximately 60% of Navarra’s production
## Footnote
Navarra is also known for its rosado wines, which represent only 30% of the region’s output.
89
What are the major red varieties in Navarra?
Garnacha and Tempranillo
## Footnote
These varieties are significant contributors to the red wine production in the region.
90
What is the most prominent white variety in Navarra?
Chardonnay
## Footnote
Chardonnay plantings have increased significantly in the last two decades.
91
What percentage of vineyard acreage do white grapes account for in Navarra?
About 7%
## Footnote
This indicates the dominance of red grape varieties in the region.
92
Name three red grape varieties of French origin that are on the rise in Navarra.
* Cabernet Sauvignon
* Merlot
* Pinot Noir
## Footnote
These varieties are increasingly being planted in Navarra.
93
How many subzones does Navarra contain?
Five subzones
## Footnote
The subzones are Valdizarbe, Baja Montaña, Tierra Estella, Ribera Alta, and Ribera Baja.
94
Which estates in Navarra have earned their own DO Pago appellations?
* Señorío de Arínzano
* Prado Irache
* Bodegas Otazu
* Bolandín
## Footnote
These estates highlight the rising quality of Navarra’s red wines.
95
What are the four DOs contained in the autonomy of Aragon?
* Campo de Borja
* Calatayud
* Cariñena
* Somontano
## Footnote
These DOs are located to the east of Rioja and Navarra.
96
What grape variety commands around two-thirds of vineyard acreage in Campo de Borja?
Garnacha
## Footnote
Campo de Borja is known for its hot climate which supports this variety.
97
What is the principal white grape used in Campo de Borja?
Viura
## Footnote
This grape variety is used for producing white wines in the region.
98
What is the historical significance of Cariñena?
One of Spain’s longstanding delimited zones, dating to 1932
## Footnote
Cariñena is the ancestral home of the Carignan/Mazuelo grape.
99
What is the up-and-coming DO located in the foothills of the Pyrenees?
Somontano
## Footnote
Somontano produces wines from local grapes and a variety of Spanish and international varieties.
100
Name two local grape varieties produced in Somontano.
* Alcañón
* Parraleta
## Footnote
These are complemented by a larger variety of other grape types.
101
What are the names of the two Pagos in Somontano?
* Ayles
* Urbezo
## Footnote
Pagos are specific vineyard sites recognized for their exceptional quality.
102
What is Green Spain?
A region in Spain that includes Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, and País Vasco along the northern Costa Verde.
103
Which region is known for its lush vegetation and dense forests?
Galicia.
104
What climate is ideal for the production of white wines in Galicia?
Cooler maritime climate.
105
What are the five DOs in Galicia?
* Rías Baixas
* Ribeiro
* Valdeorras
* Ribeira Sacra
* Monterrei
106
What does Rías Baixas mean?
The low estuaries.
107
What grape is primarily used to make wines labeled Rías Baixas Albariño?
Albariño.
108
What is the minimum percentage of recommended varieties for wines labeled with Val do Salnés or Ribeira do Ulla?
70%.
109
What are the favored white grapes in the southern subzones O Rosal and Condado do Tea?
* Loureiro
* Treixadura
110
What characterizes classic Albariño wines?
Shows stone fruit and citrus flowers with an undercurrent of minerality.
111
What is Ribeiro DO known for?
One of Spain’s oldest recognized wine regions with popular wines.
112
What grape is gradually replacing Palomino in Ribeiro DO?
Treixadura.
113
What is Vino Tostado?
A local specialty dried grape wine from Ribeiro DO.
114
What does Ribeira Sacra DO encompass?
* Amandi
* Chantada
* Quiroga-Bibei
* Ribeiras do Sil
* Ribeiras do Miño
115
What grapes are used in better red and white wines from Ribeira Sacra?
* Mencía
* Treixadura
* Godello
116
What is the easternmost DO in Galicia?
Valdeorras DO.
117
What type of wines is Valdeorras known for?
Clean, fruit-driven, high-acid Godello whites.
118
Which region in Galicia is the southernmost DO?
Monterrei.
119
Do Asturias and Cantabria produce DO wine?
No.
120
What are the three principal DO zones in País Vasco?
* Getariako Txakolina
* Bizkaiko Txakolina
* Arabako Txakolina
121
What grape is predominantly used in the white wines of Getariako Txakolina?
Ondarrabi Zuri.
122
What is the traditional name for rare rosado wines in País Vasco?
Ojo de Gallo.
123
What characteristics do Txakoli wines have?
Low alcohol, high acidity, light effervescence.
124
When should Txakoli wines be consumed?
In their youth.
125
126
What is Castilla y León also known as?
Old Castile
127
What historical event led to the birth of the Kingdom of Spain?
The dynastic union of Castilla y León and Aragon through marriage in the 15th century
128
What was the only official dialect in Spain for two centuries prior to 1978?
Castilian Spanish
129
What type of climate characterizes Castilla y León?
Continental climate
130
What geographical feature does the Duero River flow through?
The center of the region
131
List some DOs that the Duero River passes.
* Ribera del Duero
* Rueda
* Toro
* Tierra del Vino de Zamora
* Arribes
132
Which DO is located directly north of Ribera del Duero?
Arlanza DO
133
Where are León DO and Bierzo DO located?
The mountainous northwestern corner of Castilla y León
134
What grape is dominant in the Bierzo DO?
Mencía
135
Who founded Descendientes de José Palacios?
Alvaro Palacios and his nephew Ricardo Pérez
136
What type of wines are produced from Mencía in Bierzo?
Red wines and rosé wines
137
What other grape varieties are mentioned in relation to white wine production in Bierzo?
* Godello
* Doña Blanca
* Palomino
138
When was León DO upgraded from Vino de la Tierra?
2007
139
What are the recommended red grapes for León DO?
* Mencía
* Prieto Picudo
140
What is Ribera del Duero DO known for?
Being one of Spain’s top red wine-producing regions
141
Who founded Vega Sicilia?
Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves
142
What varieties did Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves plant at Vega Sicilia?
* Bordeaux varieties
* Pinot Noir
* Tinto del País (Tempranillo)
143
What is Vega Sicilia’s benchmark wine?
Único
144
What grape varieties are blended to make Único?
* Tinto del País
* Cabernet Sauvignon
* Merlot
145
When did Ribera del Duero achieve DO status?
1982
146
How many wineries were there in Ribera del Duero when it received DO status?
9 wineries
147
How many producers are there currently in Ribera del Duero?
Nearer to 300
148
True or False: Vega Sicilia was the only serious producer in Ribera del Duero until the 1980s.
True
149
Fill in the blank: Ribera del Duero's wines began achieving critical acclaim with the wines of _______.
Pesquera
150
What types of wines does Ribera del Duero produce?
Reds, whites, rosados, and claretes
## Footnote
Small amounts of whites, rosados, and claretes are produced.
151
What is the minimum percentage of Albillo Mayor required in white wines from Ribera del Duero?
75%
## Footnote
This percentage is necessary for the classification of white wines.
152
What grape variety is predominant in Ribera del Duero?
Tempranillo
## Footnote
Known as Tinto del País or Tinto Fino.
153
What is the minimum percentage of Tempranillo required for red wines in Ribera del Duero?
75%
## Footnote
This percentage is required for reds in the region.
154
Which other grape varieties are cultivated in Ribera del Duero aside from Tempranillo?
Garnacha, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
## Footnote
These are cultivated in smaller amounts.
155
What are the aging requirements for crianza red wines in Ribera del Duero?
Two years prior to release (including one year in cask)
## Footnote
This is specific to crianza classification.
156
How long must reserva red wines age before release in Ribera del Duero?
Three years prior to release (including one year in cask)
## Footnote
This aging is necessary for the reserva classification.
157
What is the total aging requirement for gran reserva red wines in Ribera del Duero?
Five years (including a minimum of two years in cask)
## Footnote
This indicates the extensive aging for gran reserva classification.
158
What classifications can wines from Ribera del Duero be labeled?
Crianza, reserva, gran reserva, roble, joven
## Footnote
Recent labeling changes allow these classifications for all wine types.
159
When was Rueda granted its DO?
1980
## Footnote
This was shortly before Ribera del Duero received its DO.
160
What grape variety is predominantly used in Rueda white wines?
Verdejo
## Footnote
A minimum of 50% Verdejo or Sauvignon is required.
161
What is the minimum percentage of red grapes required in Rueda rosado wines?
50%
## Footnote
This is necessary for rosado wine classification in Rueda.
162
What types of wines are produced in Toro DO?
Red, white, and rosado wines
## Footnote
Red wines have garnered the most international interest.
163
What is the minimum percentage of Tinta de Toro required for red wines in Toro?
75%
## Footnote
Alternately, 85% Garnacha can be used.
164
What grape varieties may be used for white wines in Toro?
Verdejo, Malvasia, Albillo Real, Muscat à Petit Grains
## Footnote
These are among the varieties allowed for whites.
165
What is the minimum percentage of Tempranillo required for red wines in Tierra del Vino de Zamora DO?
75%
## Footnote
This follows the trend of red wine requirements in the region.
166
What is the significance of the river flowing through Arribes DO?
It influences the grape varieties grown in the region
## Footnote
Rufete and other red grapes are cultivated due to this proximity.
167
What is the primary grape used for red wines in Cigales DO?
Garnacha Tinta and Tinto del País (Tempranillo)
## Footnote
This region is particularly known for its rosado production.
168
What is the year when Arlanza DO was established?
2007
## Footnote
It is one of Spain’s newest DOs.
169
What is the first DO Pago established in Castilla y Leon?
Urueña
## Footnote
It was granted in 2022.
170
What styles of Espumoso wines are produced in Rueda?
Rosado and white styles
## Footnote
Brut and Brut Nature Espumoso require a minimum 75% Verdejo or Sauvignon Blanc.
171
What is the characteristic of Rueda Dorado wines?
Oxidizing in glass
## Footnote
This style is becoming less common.
172
True or False: All aging classifications need to be stated on the label for Ribera del Duero wines.
False
## Footnote
There is no rule mandating the classification on the label.
173
What is the relationship between Catalonia and Roussillon?
Catalonia and Roussillon share a common culture and lineage, having split in the 17th century when Roussillon was ceded to France by the king of Spain.
174
What colors are featured on the flags of Catalonia and Roussillon?
Red and yellow stripes.
175
What does Catalan wine reflect?
Catalan wine reflects its industry, wealth, and modernization.
176
When did traditional method sparkling winemaking debut in Spain?
It debuted in Catalonia.
177
Who introduced stainless steel fermentation to Spain, and when?
Miguel Torres introduced it in the 1960s.
178
What significant project did René Barbier undertake in 1979?
He sought to create a bold new Spanish red wine and planted his grapes in Catalonia.
179
What is Priorat DOCa known for?
Priorat DOCa is known for some of Spain’s richest, most concentrated red wines.
180
From where does the name 'Priorat' derive?
It derives from Priorato de Scala Dei, a Carthusian monastery.
181
What types of wine are primarily produced in Priorat?
Primarily red wine, along with some white and rosado wine.
182
What are the traditional grape varieties of Priorat?
* Garnacha
* Cariñena
183
What type of soil characterizes the best vineyards in Priorat?
Llicorella, a mix of black slate and quartzite.
184
What is the significance of the year 1989 for Priorat?
The first cooperative red wine was produced under five different labels.
185
List the five original 'Clos' wines of Priorat.
* Clos Mogador
* Clos Dofi
* Clos Erasmus
* Clos de l’Obac
* Clos Martinet
186
What was the classification of the original 'Clos' wines when they were released?
They were released as vino de mesa.
187
What key factor must be managed in Priorat's warm Mediterranean region?
Managing alcohol content.
188
What is the potential alcohol level of grapes in Priorat?
Up to 18%.
189
What village category was established in Priorat in 2009?
Vino de Pueblo (Vi de Vila in Catalan).
190
How many villages are included in the Vino de Pueblo category?
12 villages.
191
What is a characteristic of Priorat's best red wines?
They are usually dominated by Garnacha or blended from Spanish and French varieties.
192
193
What is Priorat DO surrounded by?
Montsant DO
## Footnote
Montsant was a subzone of Tarragona until 2002.
194
Which grape varieties are dominant in Priorat DO?
Garnacha and Cariñena
## Footnote
These varieties are poised to offer value alternatives as prices rise.
195
What type of wines were historically produced in Tarragona?
Fortified rancio or mistela
## Footnote
Mistela is the Spanish version of vin de liqueur.
196
What is the current substantial market for Tarragona's wines?
Communion wines for Christian churches
197
Which DO is located southwest of Tarragona?
Terra Alta DO
198
What are the subzones of Costers del Segre DO?
* Pallars Jussà
* Artesa de Segre
* Valls del Riucorb
* Segrià
* Garrigues
* Urgell
* Raimat
## Footnote
Raimat is the smallest subzone.
199
Who purchased land for the Raïmat estate in 1914?
Manuel Raventós
200
What is significant about the Alt-Penedès region?
It is one of Europe’s highest altitude winegrowing regions.
201
Which grape is a principal component of Cava's sparkling blend?
Parellada
202
What percentage of Cava is produced in Penedès?
95%
203
What are the five authorized white grapes for Cava?
* Parellada
* Xarel-lo
* Macabéo (Macabeu)
* Malvasía
* Chardonnay
204
Which grape thrives in the Medio-Penedès?
Ull de Llebre (Tempranillo)
205
What type of wines are produced in the lower vineyards of Baix-Penedès?
High-alcohol red and rosado wines
206
Which two producers are preserving the Malvasía de Sitges variety?
* Vega de Ribes
* Hospital de Sant Joan Baptista
207
Where was the birthplace of Cava?
Sant Sadurní d’Anoia
208
Who introduced método tradicional sparkling winemaking to Spain?
Jose Raventós of Codorníu
209
What grapes can be used to produce Cava DO wines?
* Parellada
* Xarel-lo
* Macabeu
* Chardonnay
* Pinot Noir
* Garnacha Tinta
* Monastrell
* Trepat
* Malvasia (Subirat)
210
What is the minimum aging time for Cava de Guarda?
Nine months
211
What is the aging requirement for Cava reserva?
Eighteen months
212
What distinguishes Cava DO from other Spanish Denominación de Origen?
It covers a style rather than a region.
213
What is the mark on bottles of Cava?
A four-pointed star imprinted on the cork
214
What grape variety is known locally as Pansà Blanca in Alella DO?
Xarel-lo
215
What is the focus of Empordà DO?
Cariñena rosados
216
Pla de Bages is a newer DO associated with which Roman god?
Bacchus
217
What does Catalunya DO encompass?
The entire autonomía covering wineries not included in specific DO zones
218
What are the two DO zones in the Balearic Islands?
* Pla i Llevant
* Binissalem Mallorca
219
220
What regions produce wine in Southern Spain?
Murcia, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid, Extremadura, Andalucía
## Footnote
These regions are known for their diverse wine production.
221
What is the capital of the Valencia autonomía?
Valencia
## Footnote
Valencia is also Spain's third largest city.
222
What types of wines are produced in Valencia's DO zone?
White wines from Merseguera and other varieties
## Footnote
The region is better known for its oranges and paella.
223
What is Fondillón?
A solera-style, oxidative dessert wine from overripe Monastrell grapes
## Footnote
It is produced in the Alicante DO and is not fortified.
224
What grape is primarily used in Utiel-Requena DO red wines?
Bobal
## Footnote
Doble Pasta is a traditional style in this region.
225
What is Doble Pasta?
A style of wine made with twice the normal amount of grape skins and pulp
## Footnote
Results in intense concentration, tannin, and color.
226
What are the three DO zones in Murcia?
Jumilla, Yecla, Bullas
## Footnote
Jumilla is known for its drought-resistant Monastrell grape.
227
What grape occupies over 80% of Jumilla's vineyards?
Monastrell
## Footnote
Jumilla's climate is less favorable for white grapes.
228
What is the largest single demarcated wine region in Europe?
La Mancha DO
## Footnote
Located within the Castilla-La Mancha autonomía.
229
What are the principal grapes of La Mancha?
Cencibel (Tempranillo) and Airén
## Footnote
These grapes thrive in La Mancha's hot, dry environment.
230
What grape was once the most planted white grape in the world?
Airén
## Footnote
It is now the second most planted, after Chardonnay.
231
What illegal practice did the Marqués de Griñon estate adopt?
Drip irrigation
## Footnote
This practice led to the release of modern, concentrated wines.
232
What is a DO Pago?
A specific estate appellation granted to certain estates in Spain
## Footnote
Examples include DO Pago Dominio de Valdepusa and DO Pago Finca Élez.
233
What year did the La Mancha estate of Manuel Manzaneque receive its DO Pago status?
2003
## Footnote
This was a significant recognition for the estate.
234
When did the newest addition to DO Pago status occur?
2024
## Footnote
Rosalejo became the latest recognized estate.
235
What regions produce wine in Southern Spain?
Murcia, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid, Extremadura, Andalucía
## Footnote
These regions are known for their diverse wine production.
236
What is the capital of the Valencia autonomía?
Valencia
## Footnote
Valencia is also Spain's third largest city.
237
What types of wines are produced in Valencia's DO zone?
White wines from Merseguera and other varieties
## Footnote
The region is better known for its oranges and paella.
238
What is Fondillón?
A solera-style, oxidative dessert wine from overripe Monastrell grapes
## Footnote
It is produced in the Alicante DO and is not fortified.
239
What grape is primarily used in Utiel-Requena DO red wines?
Bobal
## Footnote
Doble Pasta is a traditional style in this region.
240
What is Doble Pasta?
A style of wine made with twice the normal amount of grape skins and pulp
## Footnote
Results in intense concentration, tannin, and color.
241
What are the three DO zones in Murcia?
Jumilla, Yecla, Bullas
## Footnote
Jumilla is known for its drought-resistant Monastrell grape.
242
What grape occupies over 80% of Jumilla's vineyards?
Monastrell
## Footnote
Jumilla's climate is less favorable for white grapes.
243
What is the largest single demarcated wine region in Europe?
La Mancha DO
## Footnote
Located within the Castilla-La Mancha autonomía.
244
What are the principal grapes of La Mancha?
Cencibel (Tempranillo) and Airén
## Footnote
These grapes thrive in La Mancha's hot, dry environment.
245
What grape was once the most planted white grape in the world?
Airén
## Footnote
It is now the second most planted, after Chardonnay.
246
What illegal practice did the Marqués de Griñon estate adopt?
Drip irrigation
## Footnote
This practice led to the release of modern, concentrated wines.
247
What is a DO Pago?
A specific estate appellation granted to certain estates in Spain
## Footnote
Examples include DO Pago Dominio de Valdepusa and DO Pago Finca Élez.
248
What year did the La Mancha estate of Manuel Manzaneque receive its DO Pago status?
2003
## Footnote
This was a significant recognition for the estate.
249
When did the newest addition to DO Pago status occur?
2024
## Footnote
Rosalejo became the latest recognized estate.
250
251
What is the primary goal of the Castilla-La Mancha pagos?
To implement an international blend in pursuit of wines of 'expression'
## Footnote
This reflects a modern approach to winemaking focused on quality and concentration.
252
Who founded Marqués de Griñon and in what year?
Founded in 1973 by Marqués de Griñon
## Footnote
It has the longest history among Castilla-La Mancha pagos.
253
Which notable wine experts have been enlisted by Marqués de Griñon?
* Michel Rolland
* Émile Peynaud
## Footnote
They are known for their influence in the pursuit of quality in winemaking.
254
What is a teinturier grape, and which grape is mentioned as an example in Almansa DO?
A teinturier grape is characterized by red-pigmented juice. The example is Garnacha Tintorera
## Footnote
This grape is primarily used for Almansa reds.
255
What is the chief grape variety in Manchuela DO?
Bobal
## Footnote
This variety is significant in the region's winemaking.
256
When did Ribera del Júcar DO receive its own DO status?
In 2003
## Footnote
It was previously a subzone of La Mancha.
257
What is the most planted grape in Valdepeñas DO?
Airén
## Footnote
Cencibel follows as the second most planted grape.
258
What geological feature benefits the vines in Valdepeñas?
Higher concentration of chalk bedrock
## Footnote
This feature helps with water retention in the arid climate.
259
What types of wines are produced in Uclés DO?
* Red varieties: Cencibel, Garnacha, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah
* White wines
* Sparkling wines
* Sweet, dulce wines
## Footnote
Uclés DO is a newer region focusing on diverse wine types.
260
What is the maximum age requirement for vines bearing red grapes in Uclés DO before harvesting?
Six years of age
## Footnote
Mature vines are categorized into three age groups.
261
Which grape varieties are permitted in Mondéjar DO?
* Cencibel
* Cabernet Sauvignon
* Macabéo
* Malvar
## Footnote
This DO allows wines of all three colors.
262
What are the four areas included in Vinos de Madrid DO?
* San Martín de Valdeiglesias
* Navalcarnero
* Arganda
* el Molar
## Footnote
These areas comprise three noncontiguous zones around Madrid.
263
What is the primary focus of Ribera del Guadiana DO?
Gastronomy, particularly jamón serrano and jamón ibérico
## Footnote
The DO is also known for producing some good value wine.
264
Which subzone of Ribera del Guadiana DO is notable for being the only producer of Cava in southwestern Spain?
Tierra de Barros
## Footnote
It encompasses nearly 80% of the DO.
265
What cultural stereotypes are commonly associated with Andalucía?
* Bullfighting
* Flamenco
* Authentic gazpacho
## Footnote
These elements often characterize the region's culture.
266
What historical significance does the Strait of Gibraltar hold?
It represents a historically important trading route
## Footnote
It may have been the route by which man first crossed into Europe.
267
What transformation did the Moors bring to Andalucía?
Transformed it into a hub of Mediterranean trade, learning, and culture
## Footnote
This occurred during their rule before the fall of Granada in 1492.
268
What was the significance of Jerez de la Frontera in relation to Sherry?
Known as 'Sherish' in Arabic; key in contesting the British use of the term Sherry
## Footnote
This highlights the historical importance of the city in Sherry production.
269
What effect did the event of Columbus sailing from Andalucía in 1492 have on Spanish wine?
It had a profound effect on the future of Spanish wine, particularly fortified wines
## Footnote
This event sparked a race for colonial power and discovery.
270
True or False: Ferdinand Magellan spent more of his budget on weapons than on sherry.
False
## Footnote
He spent more on sherry than weapons during his expedition.
271
What event in 1587 solidified English tastes for Sherry?
The plunder of nearly 3000 barrels of 'sherris sack' by Admiral Frances Drake
## Footnote
This event was a preemptive strike against Cádiz.
272
273
What wine became incredibly popular in Great Britain over the last three centuries?
Sherry
## Footnote
Samuel Pepys praised it, and Shakespeare cited it in his works.
274
Which regions did Jerez bodegas source wine stocks from to fill their soleras?
* Condado de Huelva
* Montilla-Moriles
## Footnote
This was due to high demand for Sherry.
275
Which British firms founded bodegas in Jerez during the 17th and 18th centuries?
* Osbourne
* Garvey
* John Harvey (now Domecq)
## Footnote
These firms contributed to the Sherry trade.
276
What event in 1894 significantly impacted the Sherry industry?
The arrival of phylloxera
## Footnote
It led to a decline in production.
277
What was established in 1933 that helped Sherry rebound?
Jerez Consejo Regulador and DO status
## Footnote
This helped regulate and promote quality.
278
By what year was Jerez exporting 200 million bottles of Sherry annually?
1979
## Footnote
However, much of the wine was of questionable quality.
279
What two DO zones exist today that share the same vineyards?
* Jerez-Xérès-Sherry
* Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda
## Footnote
Both are regulated by the same Consejo Regulador.
280
What are the three towns that form the 'golden triangle' of Sherry production?
* Jerez de la Frontera
* Sanlúcar de Barrameda
* El Puerto de Santa Maria
## Footnote
All Sherry wines must be shipped from one of these towns.
281
What are the three authorized grape varieties for Sherry production?
* Palomino
* Pedro Ximénez
* Moscatel
## Footnote
Palomino is preferred for dry Sherry.
282
What soil type is Palomino best suited for in Jerez?
White albariza soils
## Footnote
These soils are crucial for producing high-quality grapes.
283
What is the principal grape of the Montilla-Moriles DO?
Pedro Ximénez (PX)
## Footnote
This region cannot legally use the term Sherry on its labels.
284
What types of wines are produced in the style of Sherry?
* Fino
* Oloroso
* Amontillado
## Footnote
These can be fortified or unfortified.
285
What is the process called where grapes are dried on mats for Málaga wines?
Soleo
## Footnote
This process lasts up to 20 days.
286
What are the five age categories for Málaga wines?
* Málaga Pálido
* Málaga
* Málaga Noble
* Málaga Añejo
* Málaga Trasañejo
## Footnote
Each category has specific aging requirements.
287
Which island in the Canary Islands has five DO zones?
Tenerife
## Footnote
The other islands each cover a whole DO zone.
288
What type of climate do the Canary Islands have?
Sub-tropical climate
## Footnote
This supports diverse grape varieties.
289
Which grape varieties are commonly used for red wines in the Canary Islands?
* Listán Negro
* Negramoll (Tinta Negra)
* Malvasía Rosada
* Listán Prieto (Mission)
## Footnote
These are typical for red wine production.
290
True or False: Phylloxera reached the Canary Islands.
False
## Footnote
This allowed for the preservation of century-old vines.
291
What has replaced fortified wines in popularity in the Canary Islands?
Fresh vino joven styles
## Footnote
These are favored by tourists.
292
What wine became incredibly popular in Great Britain over the last three centuries?
Sherry
## Footnote
Samuel Pepys praised it, and Shakespeare cited it in his works.
293
Which regions did Jerez bodegas source wine stocks from to fill their soleras?
* Condado de Huelva
* Montilla-Moriles
## Footnote
This was due to high demand for Sherry.
294
Which British firms founded bodegas in Jerez during the 17th and 18th centuries?
* Osbourne
* Garvey
* John Harvey (now Domecq)
## Footnote
These firms contributed to the Sherry trade.
295
What event in 1894 significantly impacted the Sherry industry?
The arrival of phylloxera
## Footnote
It led to a decline in production.
296
What was established in 1933 that helped Sherry rebound?
Jerez Consejo Regulador and DO status
## Footnote
This helped regulate and promote quality.
297
By what year was Jerez exporting 200 million bottles of Sherry annually?
1979
## Footnote
However, much of the wine was of questionable quality.
298
What two DO zones exist today that share the same vineyards?
* Jerez-Xérès-Sherry
* Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda
## Footnote
Both are regulated by the same Consejo Regulador.
299
What are the three towns that form the 'golden triangle' of Sherry production?
* Jerez de la Frontera
* Sanlúcar de Barrameda
* El Puerto de Santa Maria
## Footnote
All Sherry wines must be shipped from one of these towns.
300
What are the three authorized grape varieties for Sherry production?
* Palomino
* Pedro Ximénez
* Moscatel
## Footnote
Palomino is preferred for dry Sherry.
301
What soil type is Palomino best suited for in Jerez?
White albariza soils
## Footnote
These soils are crucial for producing high-quality grapes.
302
What is the principal grape of the Montilla-Moriles DO?
Pedro Ximénez (PX)
## Footnote
This region cannot legally use the term Sherry on its labels.
303
What types of wines are produced in the style of Sherry?
* Fino
* Oloroso
* Amontillado
## Footnote
These can be fortified or unfortified.
304
What is the process called where grapes are dried on mats for Málaga wines?
Soleo
## Footnote
This process lasts up to 20 days.
305
What are the five age categories for Málaga wines?
* Málaga Pálido
* Málaga
* Málaga Noble
* Málaga Añejo
* Málaga Trasañejo
## Footnote
Each category has specific aging requirements.
306
Which island in the Canary Islands has five DO zones?
Tenerife
## Footnote
The other islands each cover a whole DO zone.
307
What type of climate do the Canary Islands have?
Sub-tropical climate
## Footnote
This supports diverse grape varieties.
308
Which grape varieties are commonly used for red wines in the Canary Islands?
* Listán Negro
* Negramoll (Tinta Negra)
* Malvasía Rosada
* Listán Prieto (Mission)
## Footnote
These are typical for red wine production.
309
True or False: Phylloxera reached the Canary Islands.
False
## Footnote
This allowed for the preservation of century-old vines.
310
What has replaced fortified wines in popularity in the Canary Islands?
Fresh vino joven styles
## Footnote
These are favored by tourists.
311
312
What is the minimum aging requirement for Crianza red wine?
Minimum 2 years total; at least 6 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
313
What is the minimum aging requirement for Reserva red wine?
Minimum 3 years total; at least 1 year in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
314
What is the minimum aging requirement for Gran Reserva red wine?
Minimum 5 years total; at least 18 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
315
What is the minimum aging requirement for white wine under General DO and DOCa?
Minimum 18 months total; at least 6 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
316
What is the minimum aging requirement for rosado wine under General DO and DOCa?
Minimum 2 years total; at least 6 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
317
What is the minimum aging requirement for white wine labeled as Gran Reserva?
Minimum 4 years total; at least 6 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
318
What is the minimum aging requirement for Crianza red wine?
Minimum 2 years total; at least 6 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
319
What is the minimum aging requirement for Reserva red wine?
Minimum 3 years total; at least 1 year in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
320
What is the minimum aging requirement for Gran Reserva red wine?
Minimum 5 years total; at least 18 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
321
What is the minimum aging requirement for white wine under General DO and DOCa?
Minimum 18 months total; at least 6 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
322
What is the minimum aging requirement for rosado wine under General DO and DOCa?
Minimum 2 years total; at least 6 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
323
What is the minimum aging requirement for white wine labeled as Gran Reserva?
Minimum 4 years total; at least 6 months in oak*
## Footnote
Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters
324
What is the location of Dominio de Valdepusa?
Castilla-La Mancha
## Footnote
Established in 2003.
325
In which year was Finca Élez established?
2003
## Footnote
Located in Castilla-La Mancha.
326
What is the location of Guijoso?
Castilla-La Mancha
## Footnote
Established in 2005.
327
When was Dehesa del Carrizal established?
2006
## Footnote
Located in Castilla-La Mancha.
328
In which region is Arínzano located?
Navarra (Tierra Estella)
## Footnote
Established in 2007.
329
What year was Prado de Irache established?
2008
## Footnote
Located in Navarra (Tierra Estella).
330
What is the location of Otazu?
Navarra (Valdizarbe)
## Footnote
Established in 2009.
331
When was Campo de la Guardia established?
2009
## Footnote
Located in Castilla-La Mancha.
332
What is the name of the payment established in 2009 in Castilla-La Mancha?
Pago Florentino
## Footnote
Established in 2009.
333
In which year was Casa del Blanco established?
2010
## Footnote
Located in Castilla-La Mancha.
334
What is the location of El Terrerazo?
Valencia (Utiel-Requena)
## Footnote
Established in 2010.
335
When was Calzadilla established?
2011
## Footnote
Located in Castilla-La Mancha.
336
What is the name of the payment established in Valencia (Utiel-Requena) in 2011?
Los Balagueses
## Footnote
Established in 2011.
337
In which region is Aylés located?
Aragón (Cariñena)
## Footnote
Established in 2011.
338
What is the year of establishment for Vallegarcía?
2019
## Footnote
Located in Castilla-La Mancha.
339
What is the location of La Jaraba?
Castilla-La Mancha
## Footnote
Established in 2019.
340
When was Los Cerrillos established?
2019
## Footnote
Located in Castilla-La Mancha.
341
What is the name of the payment established in Valencia (Utiel-Requena) in 2019?
Vera de Estenas
## Footnote
Established in 2019.
342
What is the year of establishment for El Vicario?
2019
## Footnote
Located in Castilla-La Mancha.
343
What is the location of Chozas Carrascal?
Valencia (Utiel-Requena)
## Footnote
Established in 2020.
344
In which year was Urueña established?
2021
## Footnote
Located in Castilla y León.
345
What is the location of Dehesa Peñalba?
Castilla y León
## Footnote
Established in 2022.
346
When was Bolandín established?
2022
## Footnote
Located in Castilla y León.
347
What is the name of the payment established in Navarra (Ribera Baja) in 2022?
Abadía-Retuerta
## Footnote
Established in 2022.
348
What is the location of Rosalejo?
Castilla y León
## Footnote
Established in 2022.
349
In which year is Urbezo scheduled to be established?
2024
## Footnote
Located in Aragón.
350
