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Ortho II > Space Maintenance > Flashcards

Space Maintenance Flashcards

1
Q

when does the golden stage of dentition occur and what happens

A
  • during mixed dentition
  • both skeletal and dental structures change concurrently
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2
Q

for a child with all development spaces prediction goes towards:

A

a well aligned permanent dentition

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3
Q

any disturbances in primate spaces means:

A

either increased or decreased spacing can potentially alter the outcome

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4
Q

what does space analysis do

A

it quantifies the amount of needed space (crowding/spacing) within the arches estimating the severity of space discrepancy

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5
Q

what does space analysis require

A

a comparison between the amount of space available for the alignment of the teeth and the amount of space required to align them adequately

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6
Q

space available and space required comparison has 3 results:

A
  • excess
  • OK
  • deficiency
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7
Q

which is more common: excess spacing or not enough

A

not enough

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8
Q

what are the 3 categories of crowding

A
  • mild
  • moderate
  • severe
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9
Q

what are the categories for excess space

A

there are no categories- each case is assessed based on etiology and other factors

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10
Q

what is spacing

A

interdental spaces and lack of contact points between the teeth

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11
Q

what is mild crowding

A

4mm

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12
Q

what is moderate crowding

A

5-8mm

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13
Q

what is severe crowding

A

greater than 8 mm

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14
Q

is spacing common

A

yes

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15
Q

is spacing more common in both arches in girls or boys

A

boys

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16
Q

spacing can be ______ or _____ due to the number of teeth included

A

localized or generalized

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17
Q

what is the etiology of spacing

A
  • hereditary
  • acquired
  • functional
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18
Q

what are the hereditary causes

A

-tooth size arch size discrepancies
- protrusive teeth
- congenitally missing teeth
- macroglossia
- supernumerary teeth
- small teeth
- hypertrophic frenum

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19
Q

what are the functional causes of spacing

A
  • oral habits
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19
Q

what can the acquired problems be classified as

A
  • pathologic conditions increasing tongue size
  • missing teeth
  • delayed eruption of permanent teeth
  • periodontal disease
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20
Q

orthodontics play a role in management of spaces often in cooperation with:

A

oral surgery, perio, esthetic dentistry and prosthodontics

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21
Q

to achieve the most esthetic and functional result, orthodontists must:

A

carefully evaluate the etiologic factors

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22
Q

why should we correct spacing

A
  • result in gum problems due to the lack of protection by the teeth
  • prevent proper functioning of the teeth
  • make the smile less attractive
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23
Q

what are the 3 options to treat generalized spacing

A
  • esthetic intervention using composite resin, veneer, crowns
  • orthodontic space closure
  • closure of anterior spaces and opening of posterior sapces
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24
Q

after orthodontic treatment it is frequently necessary to apply:

A

fixed retention

25
Q

why is fixed retention necessary

A

these cases have a high risk of relapse

26
Q

what is a diastema

A

the midline diastema is a space or gap between the maxillary central incisors

27
Q

a diastema can be a ____ growth characteristic during the:

A

normal; primary and mixed dentition

28
Q

what is the prevalence of diastema in 10-12 year old children

A
  • more in maxilla, between central incisors
  • african americans 19%
  • caucasians 8%
29
Q

what is the etiology of a diastema

A
  • tooth size discrepancy
  • missing teeth
  • oversized labial frenum
  • overjet
  • protrusion of the teeth
30
Q

what are the treatment options for a diastema

A
  • keep the diastema
  • orthodontic treatment
  • composite/porcelain veneers
  • crown and bridge work or replacement of teeth with implants (adults only)
31
Q

if oversized labial frenum is the reason for a diastema:

A

pt may be referred for a frenectomy

32
Q

if the frenectomy is done on a child the space may:

A

close by itself

33
Q

if the frenectomy is done on a teenager or adult the space_______ because

A

may need to be closed with braces prior to frenectomy; scar tissue which may prevent space closure by orthodontic forces

34
Q

what happens in most cases of diastemas

A

diastemas will close spontaneously as the canines erupt

35
Q

generally diastemas more than ____ require intervention

A

2mm

36
Q

when should treatment of diastemas be deferred until

A

until the canines have fully erupted

37
Q

how do removable appliances close diastemas vs fixed appliances

A

they close by tipping the crowns of incisors vs fixed appliances provide better control of dental alignment

38
Q

what do you need to be careful of in closing diastemas in the mixed dentition

A

avoid tipping the roots of lateral incisors distally such that they interfere with the erupting path of the canines

39
Q

there is a ______ towards relapse with diastemas, hence a ____ is necessary

A

strong tendency; fixed retainer

40
Q

what is crowding

A

the lack of space for all the teeth to fit normally within the jaws

41
Q

crowding could be the result of:

A
  • twisted or displaced teeth
  • disharmony in the tooth to jaw size relationship
  • early or late loss of primary teeth
  • improper eruption of teeth
42
Q

what is the cause of crowding or malocclusion

A

generally unknown

43
Q

several researchers suggest that the etiology of malocclusion is:

A

hereditary and associated with the evolutionary development of modern humans due to a progressive reduction in jaw size as compared with tooth size

44
Q

the etiology of crowding must be considered:

A

multifactorial

45
Q

why should we treat crowding

A
  • prevent proper cleaning of all the surfaces of your teeth
  • promote dental decay
  • increase the chances of gum disease
  • prevent proper functioning of teeth
  • make your smile less attractive
46
Q

what are the treatment options for mild crowding less than 4.5mm

A
  • preservation of the leeway space
  • regaining space
  • limited expansion in the late mixed dentition
47
Q

proper management of space in the primary and mixed dentitions can:

A

prevent unnecessary loss in arch length

48
Q

what are the treatment options for moderate crowding between 5-9mm

A
  • expansion
  • some of these cases may require extraction of permanent teeth
49
Q

what are the treatment options for severe crowding greater than 10mm

A
  • extraction
  • serial extraction or guidance is reserved for treatment of severe tooth size/arch size discrepancies
50
Q

what does the bolton analysis determine

A
  • the ratio of the MD widths of the max teeth to mand teeth
  • whether there is any tooth size discrepancy between the upper and lower teeth
51
Q

when is the bolton analysis recommended

A

for the permanent dentition after eruption of all permanent teeth from 1st molar to 1st molar

52
Q

what ratios does the bolton analysis determine

A
  • overall ratio
  • anterior ratio
53
Q

what is step 1 of calculating the bolton analysis

A
  • sum of mandibular 12: the MD width of all permanent teeth from 1st molar on one side to the 1st molar on the other side, is measured and summed up - 2nd and 3rd molars are excluded
  • sum of maxillary 12: the MD width of all permanent teeth from 1st molar on one side to the 1st molar on the other side, is measured and summed up - 2nd and 3rd molars are excluded
54
Q

what is step 2 in calculating the bolton analysis

A
  • overall ratio: the sum of the MD width of the mandibular teeth to maxillary teeth (12 teeth, 6-6) is 91.3%
55
Q

what is step 3 in calculating the bolton analysis

A
  • interpretation (overall ratio)
  • if the overall ratio is less than 91.3% it indicates maxillary tooth materials excess and vice versa
  • maxillary teeth are relatively too large compared to the mandibular teeth and vice versa
56
Q

what is step 4 of calculating the bolton analyssi

A
  • anterior ratio: according the bolton, the sum of the MD width of the anterior mandibular teeth to the anterior maxillary teeth ( 6 teeth 3-3) is 77.2%
57
Q

what is step 5 in calculating the bolton analysis

A
  • interpretation (anterior ratio): if the overall ratio is less than 77.2% it indicates maxillary tooth materials excess and vice versa
58
Q

the maxillary teeth are _____ compared to the mandibular teeth

A

relatively large

59
Q

what is step 6 in calculation of bolton analyssi

A
  • calculation in mm
  • after calculation of the bolton ratio (overall and anterior), the arch with the relatively smaller tooth material is determined and the actual figure/value corresponding to the arch tooth size is located in the table
  • the ideal value for the size of the opposing teeth is read off from the accompanying column
60
Q

the difference between the actual value and the ideal value for the relatively enlarged tooth material represnets:

A

in mm the amount of excess tooth size in the arch

61
Q
A

Ortho II (11 decks)

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