SPA4870 Flashcards
HIPPA
Health
Insurance
Portability &
Accountability
Act (HIPAA) 1996
FERPA
Family Educational Rights and Privacy
Act (FERPA)
Enacted in 1974
Protects the privacy of education records
HIPPA
The HIPAA Privacy Rule covers
protected health information (PHI) in
any medium,.
* The HIPAA Security Rule covers
electronic protected health information
Speech
Use of the articulators (speech organs) to shape speech sounds
Language
is the meaning, the content, the message, speech is the way
that we convey it
Phoneme
an individual speech sound
Allophone
variation of a phoneme
* The phoneme /t/ in “top” versus the /t/ in “stop
Phonics
the study of the sounds of speech
Phonology
The study of how speech sounds are put together to form words and
other linguistic units
Articulation
Study of how the articulators make individual sounds
Place
describes the location of the constriction
Manner
describes the degree or type of constriction
Voicing
whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating
bilbial
Both lips
Labiodental
Lip and teeth
inderdental
tongue between the teeth
Alveor
tongue on alveolar ridge (hard palate, right behind front
teeth)
Palatal
tongue and the palate
Velar
tongue and velum
Glottal
In the throat
Stop
Complete closure with release of air pressure when closure is
released (/p/,/b/, /t/, /d/, /g/, /k/
Fricatives
Narrow constriction that creates a noisy sound as air
passes through the narrow opening (/s/, /z/)
Affricates
combination of stop and fricative (/ch/)
Dipthongs
dynamic, progressive vowels that change during
production (one vowel sound formed by combining two vowel
sounds.
* Letter combination “oy”/”oi”: as in: “boy” and “coin”
Nasals
Complete oral closure – airflow through the nasal cavity
Articulation Disorder
Difficulty with producing the target
sound.
* The sound may be substituted, deleted or changed
* E.g.: /f/ for “th”
Final consonant deletion
bo” for boat
Phonological Disorder
Involves a pattern of sound errors
* E.g.: A particular substitution such as replacing all sounds
produced in the back of the mouth (/k/ and /g/) to the
front of the mouth (/t/ and /d/) – saying “tup” for “cup” -
fronting
Epenthesis
sahpoon” for spoon
Unstressed syllable deletion:
medo” for tomato
Reduplication
baba” for bottle
Fronting
tar” for car
Cluster reduction
kate” for skate
Initial consonant deletion
us” for bus
Intelligibility
The ease with which a person’s speech is understood
Children with language disorders show the following
major problems
understanding spoken language, word meanings, poor listening, bad expressive skills, morphological elements
Stimulability
Ability to produce a target phoneme when provided with
focused auditory and visual cues
Aspects of Children’s
Language Disorders
Syntax, Morphological problems, Syntactic problems
Structures of language
context, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, prosody.
Context
surrounding information
Syntax
order and placement of words and markers
Semantics
meaning of words
pragmatics
appropriatness of words
prosody
melody of speech
Diaphragm
Primary muscle for inspiration
Respiration
Occurs due to boyles law
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Have their origin and insertion within the larynx, itself
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
their origin is within the larynx with attachment outside of the larynx
* Hold the larynx in place or elevate it
Cranial Nerve X
Cranial Nerve X (the Vagus nerve) has branches in the neck and the
* chest
* Responsible for movement of the vocal folds (in and out / opening and
closing)
subglottic pressure
Air that is flowing from the lungs, up through the trachea on expiration
creates
Vibration occurs due to the
Bernoulli principle
LCA and IA muscles exert
medial compression
Vocal fold vibration, assessed by utilizing
Laryngeal Videostroboscopy
Resonance
the vibration of a body of air caused by a
sound source
Vocal cords
source of sound
EBP
integrate
current high-quality research evidence
with practitioner expertise, patient
preferences and patient values into the
process of making clinical decisions.
Efficacy
The degree to which intervention results in positive
outcomes in ideal settings (research labs or
experimental conditions that provide a study with a
high degree of internal validity
Cross cultural competance
Understand the origin of one’s bias (personal history)
in order to establish a common ground with patients
from diverse backgrounds
Effectivness
The extent to which treatments provide positive
outcomes in real-world settings
Efficiency
The extent to which one treatment provides relatively
better outcomes
