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Physics paper 2 > SP10 > Flashcards

SP10 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the mass and relative charge of a proton, neutron, electron

A

proton
mass - 1
charge - +1

neutron
mass - 1
charge - 0

electron
mass - 1/2000 or negligible
charge - -1

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2
Q

what direction does conventional current flow through in a circuit

A
  • from the negative end of cell to the positive end of the cell
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3
Q

what direction does electrons flow

A

positive to negative terminal

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4
Q

what is a series circuit

A

a circuit where there is only one route where current can flow

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5
Q

what are the differences between series and parallel circuits

A
  • parallel has multiple routes current can flow through and series has one direction
  • in a series circuit, if a switch is switched off all the bulb go off due to one route of current
    in a parallel circuit due to multiple routes, bulbs can be switched off individually
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6
Q

what is a parallel circuit

A

a circuit where there a junctions allowing for current to flow through different route

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7
Q

how is a voltmeter connected in a circuit

A

it is connected parallel to a component

    ---BULB---
    I                I
    I\_\_\_\_v\_\_\_\_I
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8
Q

what do voltmeters measure

A
  • voltage / potential difference , in volts
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9
Q

what is meant by potential difference ( voltage)

A

the amount of energy per unit charge to move electrons from one point to the next

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10
Q

what is the unit of measure for voltage

A

volts
volt is a joule per coulomb

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11
Q

how is an ammeter connected in a circuit

A

it is connected in series with a component

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12
Q

what does an ammeter measure

A

current , amps

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13
Q

what is electrical current in a circuit
( what ammeters measure)

A

the flow of charge

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14
Q

what is the current in metals

A

the flow of electrons

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15
Q

what happens to current at a junction

A

current is conserved at a junction in a circuit

the total current flowing into a junction is equal to total current flowing out

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16
Q

what is resistance

A

the difficulty for current to flow

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17
Q

explain how changing resistance changes the current

A
  • due to more difficulty for current to flow through
  • higher potential difference is needed
  • more energy in electrons to allow them to move
  • therefore, more energy in the current
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18
Q

how can the resistance of a circuit change

A

using a variable resistor
(a resistor which electrical resistance values can be adjusted)

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19
Q

why is it that if 2 resistors are in series, the net resistance is increases

A
  • the pathway becomes harder for current to flow through
  • the potential difference from cells are not shared equally between the resistor
  • there will be greater Pd across resistors with higher resistance
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20
Q

explain why if 2 resistors are in parallel, the net resistance decreases

A
  • the resistance decreases in a parallels circuit with 2 resistors
  • as there are more pathway for the current to flow in
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21
Q

Explain how current varies with potential difference for filament lamps, relate to resistance

A
  • pd across a filament lamp causes current to flow through it
  • more pd causes more current, cause it to get hot
  • the hotter the bulb gets the more resistance increases
  • so the pd will change but the current wont, so the bulb doesn’t break
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22
Q

what is a diode

A

it is a component which causes the current to flow in one way

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23
Q

Explain how current varies with diode for filament lamps, relate to resistance

A

there is a low resistance when pd is flowing in one direction
there is a high resistance when the pd is flowing in the wrong direction

this means that the current can only flow in one direction

24
Q

Explain how current varies with potential difference for fixed resistors, relate to resistance

A

the resistance stays the same
because potential difference and current being directly proportional

25
Describe how the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) varies with light intensity
high resistance in the dark low resistance in light
26
Describe how the resistance of a thermistor varies with change of temperature
high resistance in low temperatures low resistance in high temperatures
27
how the design and use of circuits can be used to explore the variation of resistance in a filament lamp
Connected to DC of 2, 4, 6, … -Connect the filament lamp to Ammeter in series and Voltmeter in parallel -Measure the current for each voltage -Plot a graph to show relationship between the pd and current -Non-linear shows Resistance varies
28
how the design and use of circuits can be used to explore the variation of resistance in a diode
-Connected to DC of 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, …, 10, 12V --Connect to an Ammeter in series and Voltmeter in parallel -Measure the current for each voltage -Switch the diode the other way round to record current for -1, -1.5, -2, -4V - Plot graph for the positive and negative potential differences to show the relationship
29
how the design and use of circuits can be used to explore the variation of resistance in a thermistor
- Constant voltage of 12V - Connect to an Ammeter - Place in ice water with thermometer - Measure current at 0 degrees. - Add hot water and stir, measuring current at 10, 20, …, 60 degrees - Calculate the resistance - Plot a graph of resistance against temperature
30
how the design and use of circuits can be used to explore the variation of resistance in a LDR
- Constant voltage of 12V - Connect to ammeter - Shine lamp immediately onto LDR and measure current - Move the lamp ~10cm away and measure current o Keep doing this until 50cm - Calculate resistance at each light intensity - Plot graph of resistance against light intensity
31
what happens when there is electrical current in a resistor
there is a heat transfer which heat up the resistor
32
what happens when electrical current works against electrical current
- energy is transferred as electricity work is done against resistance - energy is transferred by heading and the resistor become warm ( can be good in heaters and kettles)
33
Explain the energy transfer which heats a resistor is sure to the collisions between electrons and the ions in the lattice
- as electrons flow through a lattice, the ion collide with each other - the more collisions they make with the ions makes it harder for current to pass so the higher the resistance - when electrons collide with the ions, they transfer heat energy to them
34
Explain ways of reducing unwanted energy transfer in wires
- use metals with low resistance, such as copper, in wires - or thicker wires to reduce resistance - or cooling metals - so ions are not vibrating as much so that thermal energy is reduced
35
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the heating effect of an electric current
+ useful in kettles + useful in an electric heater - computer, wires and plugs and heat is transferred to not useful energy transfers such as heat
35
what is power
the energy transferred per second measures in watts (w)
36
Explain how the power transfer in any circuit device is related to the potential difference across it and the current in it
the electrical power is directly proportional to the potential difference across and current flowing through it. power = pd x current
37
what is the main electricity
when a applaince needs a large amount of energy so uses it from a power station, and transfers it to out homes through the national grid
38
what is the national grid
a network of cables and wires that electricity is carried in from the power stations to out homes
39
what current does the main electricity bring
alternating current
39
how does out home use the mains electricity
- it is taken from the power stations - through the national grid into our homes - and supply electricity to appliances such as the motor in the washing machine
40
what is alternating current
where the current keeps on changing direction due to electrons mocving in one direction then the other direction
41
Explain the difference between direct and alternating voltage
dc - the charge stays the same eectrons flow in the same direction ac - the charge changes constantly - variying voltage - electrons flow back wards and forwards, swapping constantly
42
Describe direct current
movement of charge in one direction only cells and batteries supply direct current
43
Describe alternating current
the movement of charge changes direction
44
what is the frequency and voltage of the main electricity ( alternating current)
frequency - 50Hz voltage - 230V
45
Explain the function of the neutral mains input wires
is the return path to the power station carries the electricity back to the mains completes the circuit the voltage of the wire is 0V
45
what are the three wires in a plug ( which is connected to the mains electricity)
- earth wire (green and yellow) - blue ( neutral wire) - brown wire ( live wire)
46
Explain the function of the live wire
connects appliance to the generator at the power station the voltage of the wire is 230V
47
Explain the main function of the earth wire
- ensures safety - connects the metal part of the appliance to a large metal spike underground - so the current would flow into the ground if something went wrong - it is at 0 V
48
what is the function of a fuse
- a safety mechanism in the plug - when the current passes through the live wire too much - the live wire gets hot - melts the wire in the fuse - preventing the current from flowing - in cases too much current is flowing
49
what is the function of a circuit breaker
they can detect when the current changes in a wire, so can safely switch off the supply
50
Explain why switches and fuses should be connected in the live wire of a domestic circuit
- for safety
51
Recall the potential differences between the live, neutral and earth mains wires
live - 0 V neutral - 230 V earth - 0 V
52
Explain the dangers of providing any connection between the live wire and earth
causes a very low resistance - allows for lots of current to flow to the earth wire - which heats up the wire - can cause afire which could blow the fuse and cut off the mains electricity supply
53
what is power rating and an example
Power Rating – the power of the appliance when in use - Greater power rating, greater energy consumption per second - So uses more energy in a given time a kettle transfers 3000kW from the main electric supple to a store do thermal energy in water

Physics paper 2 (6 decks)

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