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A.R.E. Test > SP&D > Flashcards

SP&D Flashcards

1
Q

WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE URBAN PLANNING OF WASHINGTON D.C.?

A

L’Enfant (from Paris) 1791

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2
Q

NAME THREE OBSTACLES ASSOCIATED WITH ADAPTIVE REUSE…

A
  • Damage
  • Hazardous Materials
  • Codes
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3
Q

ACCORDING TO CLARENCE PERRY, WHAT 6 ELEMENTS MUST EXIST FOR A NEIGHBORHOOD TO FUNCTION PROPERLY?

A
  1. No major traffic routes pass through the neighborhood.
  2. Interior streets use a cul-de-sac and curvilinear layout.
  3. Population of neighborhood determined by number of people req’d to support one elementary school.
  4. Elementary school becomes focal point of neighborhood
  5. Neighborhood occupies approx. 160 acres at a density of 10 families per acre.
  6. Neighborhood is served by shopping centers, churches, etc. and does not req. further than a half mile walk to school.
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4
Q

WHAT IS VALUE ENGINEERING AND WHY IS IT AN IMPORTANT FEATURE TO IMPLEMENT INTO A PROJECT?

A

Value Engineering (VE) is a method to improve the “value” of poducts and services by either improving the function or reducing the cost.

In most cases this practive identifies and removes unnecessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the owner.

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5
Q

DESCRIBE A TYPICAL PROJECT SCHEDULE, ITEMIZED BY PHASE…

A

Schematic Design: time to complete affected by project size and ocmplexity; quality of client’s program info; decision making ability of Client; design team. Usually 1-2 months

DD: time to complete affected by complexity of project. Usually 2-6 months.

CD: time to complete affected by complexity of project. usually 3-7 months.

Bidding and Negotiation: usually 3-6 weeks

Construction Administration: varies depending on size/complexity of project. May require years to complete.

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6
Q

DEFINE CRITICAL PATH METHOD…

A

CPM (Critical Path Method) - The path with the longest required time is the Critical Path and the actiities on that path are called Critical Activities.

Reducing the critical path reduces the whole schedule and increases job costs but decreases overhead costs.

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7
Q

DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A PROJECT IS “FAST TRACKED”…

A

Also called accelerated or telescoped. CD’s are issued in phases. requires coordination and precludes against major design reveisions.

Requires staged bidding - may get many contractors and therefore makes it hard to get a fixed price early on. Usually needs a CM to oversee.

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8
Q

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF PERFORMING RISK MANAGEMENT ON A PROJECT?

A

Risk management is the identificaiton, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize monitor, and control the probability and impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.

The strategies to manage risk typically include transferring the risk to another party, avoiding the risk, reducing the negative effect or probablilty fo the risk, or even accepting some or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular risk.

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9
Q

WHAT THREE MAIN FORMS ARE MOST MODERN CITIES BASE ON?

A

Finger Plan: development occurs along each side of a public transit coridor

Cluster Plan: development contains clusters of activity; major roads connect each cluster

Satellite Palan: variant of cluster plan but has a dominant center, often the original city.

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10
Q

GIVE EXAMPLES OF CITIES THAT FOLLOW THESE PATTERNS: LINEAR, RECTILINEAR, RADIOCENTRIC, STAR, SHEET, SATELLITE, CONSTELLATION AND SUPER BLOCK…

A

Linear - Eastern seaboard cities such as Portland, Maine and Richmond, Virginia

Rectilinear - typ pattern for most small cities and towns usually near an original Main Street

Radiocentric - cities that grew over time such as Washington DC and Boston, Mass.

Star - a radiocentric city with open spaces between areas of development such as the Metro Chicago area

Satellite - series of individual urban developments such as Detroit, MI and its surrounding cities

Constellation - group of urban developments, each with its own central core, such as the cities of Southern California

Super Block - large urban dvelopment which reduces the dependence on a car, such as parts of New York City

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11
Q

WHAT ARE FIVE METHODS FOR PRESERVING FEATURES ON THE SITE?

A
  • Stabilizing, protecting and preserving existing features
  • Minimize distrubance of terrain
  • Surveying and conducing field investigations
  • Evaluating condition of existing features
  • Repairing and/or replacing site features
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12
Q

HOW DOES A LAND SURVEY DIFFER FROM A TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY?

A

Land Survey: indicates the general measurements of the site and the legal boundaries (called the metes and bounds) of the property.

Topographic survey: uses dashed lines to indicate the topography and elevation above a set base point (called a datum) or above sea level.

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13
Q

WHAT IS GLARE AND WHY IS IT AN UNDESIREABLE ELEMENT WITHIN A BUILDING?

A

Glare is not caused by having too much light, rather by having too much contrast.

You experience glare when looking at a bright computer screen in a dark room (screen would be easier to see with the lights on)

Glare causes squinting, tearing and loss of productivity.

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14
Q

WHAT BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS COULD YOU STUDY AND IDENTIFY IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE NEEDS OF A BUILDING?

A

Spatial Req’s needed to do a certain task: size of a classroom for 30 kids.

Circulation req’s and site Access: from vehicles, pedestrians, utilities

Code req’s

External Environmental issues: wind, noise, glare, traffic

Adaptability, flexibility and patterns of growth

Construction budget: basic rectangular shapes are less expensive

Schedule

Soil Conditions & Topography

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15
Q

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCALE AND PROPORTION…

A

Proportion describes the relationship between the various parts of the design.

where scale describes the scale of the elements to a person, proportion describes the elements to one another.

It is used to express the hierarchy of the parts, with some acting as major elements, and others as minor ones.

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16
Q

HOW CAN COLOR AFFECT AND CHANGE A SPACE?

A

Color can affect: emotions, productivity, the feeling of the space, how the form is perceived, and how imperfections are hidden.

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17
Q

WHAT IS ANAMORPHIC DESIGN?

A

Modeling buildigs after the human form and proportion.

Symmetry describes a mirroring of architectural elements on each side of a central axis.

Inch: width of a thumb

Foot: length of a foot

Yard: distance from center of body to an outstretched arm

Fathom: distance between both outstretched arms or the height of the body.

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18
Q

WHY IS NATURAL DAYLIGHT A USEFUL ELEMENT OT INCORPORATE INTO A BUILDING DESIGN?

A

Natural sunlight contains the full spectrum of the visible light our eyes can see, and therefore is considered the best type of light ot use within your building

Use of this natural daylighting is something over which you have great control. Unfortunately, too many designers rely on artificial light, which has financial, maintenance and environmental impacts.

in bright light, the cones in your eyes allow you to see a wide range of color. In dim light, the rods in your eyes enable you to see variations in shadow.

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19
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY USED IN ARCHITECTURE?

A

Point: an indication of a position without dimension or space. A point does not indicate any specific thickness, direction, surface or plane, but could represent the beginning or intersection of a line.

Line:

Plane:

Volume:

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20
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFF BETWEEN SYMMETRY AND BALANCE?

A

Symmetry: a mirroring of architectural elements on each side of a central axis.

Balance: when something has an even or harmonious distribution of elements; it can be static, such as a row of columns of the same size, or dynamic as when you have a large window on the left that is balanced by several smaller windows on the right.

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21
Q

DESCRIBE HOW A SITE CAN INFLUENCE THE FORM OF A BUILDING…

A

Site: there should be a relationship between the site and its buildings. A strong site may req. buildings that blend into the landscape. The site should inspire the forms of the building. the roof might mimic the surrounding mountains, or draw colors from the landscape.

Landscape: the form could draw inspiration from the surrounding trees, landscape and vegetation.

Climate: The specific climate should affect the overall form, especially the location of windows, thickness of the walls and the way the buildings heds rainwater or snow.

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22
Q

DEFINE THE TERM METES AND BOUNDS…

A

The boundaries of the site (metes and bounds) are described by their relation to True North.

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23
Q

WAHT IS ADAPTIVE REUSE AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR URBAN REDEVELOPMENT?

A

Adaptive reuse is a term that describes the process of reusing an old building or site for a purpose other than what was intended.

Example: converting an old factory building into apartments.Since adaptive reuse takes buildings that have outlived their usefulness and makes them useful again, it is seen as a key factor in urban redevelopment and reducing suburban sprawl.

For this, adaptive reuse is cheered by many historic preservationists, urban planners and proponents of sustainable development.

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24
Q

WHAT ARE POSSIBLE NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS OF EXCESS NOISE?

A

Unwanted noise affects sleep pattersn comfort and adds to stress levels. Oddly enough, certain building types epect an acceptable level of noise.

Example: people who live in urban apartment buildings will ignore and accept more noise than someone in a detached suburban home.

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25
Q

DESCRIBE HOW GROUND SLOPE CAN AFFECT THE DESIGN OF YOUR PROJECT SITE…

A

Flat sites require less grading and excavation greatly reducing foundation costs and complexity.

The slope of the site also determines the amount of rainwater that can be absorbed by the soil, the areas appropriate for driveways or parking and the access to natural light and views.

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26
Q

WHAT IS THE LOGARITHMIC SCALE OF HEARING?

A

We measure noise (sound) in decibels (dB) on a logarithmic scale between 1 dB (bottom of hearing threshold) and 140 dB (threshold of pain).

A change of 1 dB is the smallest diff that a human ear can detect.

Some relative noise levels:

30dB - whisper from 6’ away

80dB - telephone dial tone

115dB - loud rock concert

165dB - shotgun blast

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27
Q

NAME THREE WAYS A WELL THOUGHT OUT DESIGN CAN AVOID EXCESS NOISE…

A
  • Staggering structural studs
  • Placing sound absorbers between materials
  • Sound attenuating insulation within the walls
  • Hanging materials or equipment on isolation device
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28
Q

HOW CAN ASITE DESIGN CONTROL THE IMPACT ON COST OF THE PROJECT?

A

By increasing the density of the units on the site, you lower the individual construciton costs for each unit. The shared walls, utilities, sewer sytem, parking and roadways save the cost of providing that for each unit.

By taking advantage of the natural features of the site, such as the Sun, wind and rainwater, you can greatly reduce the cost of heating and cooling while improving occupant comfort. Techniques like passive solar orientation, passive cooling and water catchment are sustainable design concepts to consider.

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29
Q

WHAT ARE FOUR STANDARDIZED NATIONAL CODES USED TO CREATE THE BUILDING CODES ADOPTED BU MUNICIPALITIES?

A
  1. UBC (Uniform Building Code)
  2. BOCA (Building Officials Code Administrators)
  3. ICBO (International Conference of Building Officials)
  4. SBCCI (Southern Building Code Congress International

The IBC (International Building Code): is new and first produced in 2000 by int eh ICC (International Code COuncil. It combines the three model building codes published by BOCA, ICBO and SBCCI.

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30
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRELIMINARY SURVEY, CONSTRUCTION SURVEY, AND POSESSION SURVEY?

A

Preliminary: basic plan showing the boundaries, orientation and maybe some major features. Used to prepare initial design plans.

Construction: highly detailed plan showing the exact conditions of the site, details, existing structures, topography, offsets and benchmarks.

Possession: also known as an “as-built” survey, this is done after construction to document the final, completed project.

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31
Q

DEFINE TYPICAL DENSITIES FOUND IN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CITIES…

A

Typ. European Town: 30 people/acre

Typ. American City: 20 people/acre

Efficient American suburb: 10 people/acre

Sprawling American suburb: 2 people/acre

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32
Q

NAME THE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. Large Scale: a PUD typically involves the development of a large project, such as an entire block, neighborhood or town.
  2. Mixed Use
  3. Phased: given the scale, the projects are usually phased over an extended period of time. Changes may be ade to future phases in response to eveloving community needs, changing economic demands or new planning regulations.
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33
Q

WHICH PHASE TENDS TO REQ. THE LARGEST PERCENTAGE OF THE PROJECT BUDGET?

A

CD phase. Most work = highest fees

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34
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING?

A

Dampproofing: control of moisture that is NOT under hydrostatic pressure. Most typical use of term is for protection of slabs and foundation walls below grade that are subject to continuous exposure to moisture

Waterproofing: control of moisture and water taht IS subject to hydrostatic pressure. May include protecting structures below water table.

Waterproofing is more difficult than dampproofing due to pressure and the need to reate a continuous seal over walls, slabs and joints in the structure.

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35
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 HOUSING TYPES?

A
  • Single Family
  • Duplex
  • Row House
  • Walk-up Apartment
  • High Rise Apartment
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36
Q

WHAT IS A P.U.D.?

A

Planned Unit Development (PUD): is the legal term used to describe the cluster concept, and can be used for residential, commercial or industrial developments, makint it broader in scope than a simple residential cluster.

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37
Q

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING HOUSING PATTERNS:

Street front, End-on, Court, and Cluster

A

Pretty self explainatory

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38
Q

DEFINE URBAN RENEWAL…

A

Urban Redevelopment/Urban Renewal: referring to federally funded programs, these are a type of Planned Unit Develpment involving rehabilitating an existing (often urban) property.

A PUD typically refers to a new development. Redevelopment ( or renewal) refers to improving an existing area to bring density, diversity and a mix of uses. Such projects have received increasing interest in recent years due to an overabundance of suburban sprawl and a desire by people to return to cities.

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39
Q

WHY ARE LOWER DENSITY DEVELOPMENTS TYPICALLY MORE EXPENSIVE THAN HIGHTER DENSITY DEVELOPMENTS?

A

Low density planning requires the infrastructure to be more spread out, less efficient, and therefore more expensive. The number of people served by each foot of sewer pipe, utlitiy line, roadway and street lamp is much lower, demanding more expense.

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40
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NET DENSITY AND GROSS DENSITY?

A

Net Density: is the ratio of people to land, but excludes the streets, which could total as much as 25% of the overall site.

Gross Density: this is the ratio of people to land, but includes everything such as the streets, open spaces, and parks. Since it is more accurate, gross density is found to be more useful in describing the density of the site.

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41
Q

HOW SHOULD THE PERFORMANCE OF MATERIALS BE CONSIDERED DURING THE DESIGN PHASE?

A

Materials should be tested to asure they would perform as expected and designed.

The life span of the material should be evaluated to make sure it would withstand normal wear and tear.

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42
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN INTENT AND PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODES?

A

designed to protect the health, safety and welfare of the occupants.

As such, codes set req’s for life safety issues such as: fire protection (sprinklers fireproofing) or egress req’s (hallway width, stairwell layout).

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43
Q

WHAT IS A CARBON FOOTPRINT?

A

Amount of carbon pumped into the air from building (Carbon Dioxide Emissions)

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44
Q

NAME THE SEVEN ITEMS INVOLVED IN THE SELECTION CRITERIA PROCESS WHEN EVALUATING A SITE FOR ADAPTIVE REUSE…

A

Value

History

Renovation Costs

Community

Program

Environment

Archaic Materials

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45
Q

DESCRIBE THREE ADVANTAGES OF ADAPTIVE REUSE…

A

Craftsmanship

Sustainability

Character

History

Location

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46
Q

WHAT US CITY HAS ADOPTED AND USES ITS OWN BUILDING CODE?

A

Chicago

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47
Q

HOW MUCH AREA IS REQ’D IN ORDER FOR A PERSON TO EASILY MOVE AROUND THE SITE?

A

In order to stand comfortably and move about easily a total of 13 sq. ft. per person is req’d

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48
Q

WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO PROVIDE INTERNAL COMFORT IN A BUILDING DURING A HOT, SUMMER DAY?

A

Use large overhangs to shade the house from the southern and western sun for most of the day. inside, use a thick concrete wall to absorb heat.

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49
Q

WHAT DENSITY IS REQUIRED IN ORDER TO SUPPORT A PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEM?

A

30 people/acre

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50
Q

HOW IS A SPACE HEATED AT NIGHT DURING THE WINTER IF IT CONTAINS THICK CONCRETE WALLS AND FLOORS AND HAS LARGE WINDOWS FACING SOUTH?

A

Trombe wall, duh

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51
Q

DESCRIBE HOW TO DETERMINE THE GRADE OR SLOPE OF A SITE…

A

g = V/H(100)

g = the grade of slope

V = the rise or vertical distance

H = the run or horizontal distance

Multiply by 100 to convert into a percentage

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52
Q

WHAT IS A WATER TABLE?

A

The level of water below the surface of the ground is referred to as the “water table”

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53
Q

WHEN CONSIDERIN CONTOUR LINES ON THE SITE, IN WHAT DIRECTION SHOULD THE BUILDING FOTPRINT BE PLACED?

A

The lenghth of the building should be placed parallel to the contour lines as this minimizes foundation work and eases rainwater drainage.

This also applies to driveways and roads.

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54
Q

WHAT IS HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND WHY IS THIS CONCEPT IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND WHEN CONSIDERING FOUNDATION DESIGN?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is caused when the weight of water is forced against an object by gravity.

Since water is very heavy, the more water that presses against a foundation, the greater pressure due to gravity.

This can cause weaknesses in the foundation and will require additional strength and reinforcement in order to avoid potential problems.

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55
Q

WHAT TYPE OF FOUNDATION WOULD WORK BEST ON A SITE WITH HARD BEDROCK OR GRAVEL AT THE SURFACE?

A

A typical stem wall foundation would be appropriate for this site as there are stable soils at the surface.

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56
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE CATEGORIES ALL SOIL TYPES FALL INTO?

A

Organic Soils: no bearing capacity, must be removed.

Cohesive Soils: very dense soil containting the smallest grains of all soil types (clay and silt)

Granular Soils: medium grain soils that perform very well with water drainage (sand and gravel)

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57
Q

WHAT IS EROSION AND WHY IS THIS CONDITION UNDESIRABLE?

A

Erosion is the natural process of soil and rock being removed from a site due to wind or water.

Over time, excessive erosion can severly weaken the soil of a site cause damage or failure to building foundations.

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58
Q

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING: TRENCHING, SHORING, UNDERPINNING…

A

Trenching: cutting trenches into a site for placement of foundation walls and utility lines.

Shoring: used to support beams and floors while a column or wall is removed.

Underpinning: proces of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building while work occurs the building on site.

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59
Q

DESCRIBE A PILE OR CAISSON SYSTEM AND WHAT CONDITION WOULD DRIVE THE USE OF THIS FOUNDATION…

A

Pile/Caisson foundations are comprised of long piers of wood or concrete embedded in the soil.

A site containing silts or clays in the soil may require this foundation type in order to reach bearing soils.

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60
Q

DEFINE BELLED CAISSON…

A

A belled caisson is used when there is a layer of firm strata at the bottom. A deep hole is drilled into the ground and a caisson is lowered into the hole to form a footing at the bottom.

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61
Q

WHAT IS A FRICTION PILE?

A

A Friction Pile does not bear on solid soil; instead they transmit their load between the pile and the soil using friction to transfer the load.

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62
Q

HOW DOES A MAT FOUNDATION WORK AND WHY WOULD THIS FOUNDATION BE CHOSEN?

A

Mat foundatios are used when the underlaying strata is weak.

It acts as one continuous foundation and is very costly due to the amount of material used.

It can be an alternate to driving piles.

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63
Q

DESCRIBE THE FOUR DIFFERENT CLIMATE ZONES FOUND IN THE U.S.

A

Cool Zone - areas of the Northern states

Temperate Zone - areas of the West Coast

Arid Zone - areas of midwestern and desert states.

Tropical Zone - areas of Southern states, particularly near the Gulf

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64
Q

DEFINE CONDUCTIVITY…

A

Conductivity refers to a material’s ability to absorb light.

Grassy areas have low albedo levels and high conductivity.

Paved areas have high albedo and low conductivity thus are often warmer than grassy areas.

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65
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CAST IN PLACE AND A DRIVN PILE?

A

Cast in place pile is poured into a hole drilled into the site.

A driven pile has a pointed tip and is hammered into the site.

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66
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CONST COSTS ARE USUALLY DEDICATED TO THE FOUNDATION SYSTEM?

A

Foundation costs typically average about 5% of the total construction costs.

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67
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A RETENTION AND A DETENTION BASIN?

A

Retention Basin - used to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flooding and erosion. Always contains water with surrounding landscaping.

Detention Basin - used as an overflow to manage stormwater runoff when other basins are full. Always dry except during storms.

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68
Q

NAME THE TYPICAL BEARING CAPACITITES OF THE FOUR SOIL TYPES…

A

Silt and Clay= 1,000-4,000psf

Compacted sand and fill = 2,000-3,000psf

Well graded gravels and sand = 3,000-12,000psf

Bedrock = 10,000psf

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69
Q

DEFINE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY…

A

The safe bearing capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil divided by a safety factor of 2-4 times.

This ensures the site will not endure the full ultimate bearing capacity and helps to avoid structural failure.

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70
Q

WAHT SHOULD YOU DO IF YOU DISCOVER LARGE QUANTITIES OF ORGANIC SOILS ON A SITE?

A

The soil will likely need to be removed and replaced with an appropriate fill material.

Otherwise, foundation piles would need to extend through to soil bedrock or bearing soils.

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71
Q

WHAT IS A TEST BORING AND WHY IS IT PERFORMED?

A

Test boring will determine the types of soils on a site as well as its relative bearing capacity.

The four main types of test borings are:

  1. Wash borings (using high pressure water)
  2. Auger borings (using drillls)
  3. Core borings (to gather layers of soils)
  4. Test pits (to see layers of soils)
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72
Q

WHAT IS A SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION, AND WHAT SOIL TYPE IS BEST SUITED FOR THIS CHOICE?

A

A spread footing distributes the weight of the building directly to the soil.

The size of the footing is determined by dividing the load by the safe bearing capacity.

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73
Q

WHAT IS A SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION, AND WHAT SOIL TYPE IS BEST SUITED FOR THIS CHOICE?

A

A spread footing distributes the weight of the building directly to the soil.

The size of the footing is determined by dividing the load by the safe bearing capacity.

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74
Q

WHAT IS A PERCOLATION TEST AND WHEN WOULD IT BE USED?

A

A percolation test is used to evaluate the rate at which soil will absorb water on a site.

This is necessary for septic drainging or leach fields.

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75
Q

WHY IS THE LOCATION OF THE FROST LINE IMPORTANT?

A

The frost line indicates the level where soil freezes.

The top of footings should be at or below the frost line, which avoids damage to the foundation due to moisture changes throughout the year.

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76
Q

WHAT TYPE OF FOUNDATION WOULD BE BEST SUITED FOR A SITE WITH CLAYS AND SILTS FOUND IN THE SOIL?

A

Either a mat slab or pile/caisson foundation would be necessary for this site as the soils are not adequate to support the building.

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77
Q

DEFINE MACROCLIMATE…

A

A microclimate refers to the general climate of the overall region.

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78
Q

DESCRIBE THE ENTITLEMENT PHASE AND NAME THREE ITEMS TO REVIEW TAHT ARE INVOLVED…

A

Drawings are usually in some kind of stage of DD whith enough info to illustrate the size and scope of project.

Drawings are submited to the local Planning Dept., who will reveiw for compliance with Environmental Regulations, Zoning Codes and local ordinances.

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79
Q

WHAT DOES “ENTITLEMENT PHASE” MEAN?

A

In this phase, we are trying to obtain permission/approval for our project prior to producing construction.

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80
Q

DEFINE ORDINANCE

A

A municipal law in addition to a standard building code.

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81
Q

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: CHECK, TOWNSHIP, SECTION, AND QUARTER…

A

(1) Check: refers to each 24 sq mile created by the meridians and parallels. Each check is divided into 4x4 squares creating 16 Townships per check
(16) Township: 6 miles square and numbered as North or South of the base line and East or West of principal meridian. Townships are divided into 6x6 squares creating 36 sections.
(36) Section: 1 sq mile. Each section is divided into quarters.
(4) Quarter: 1/4 sq. mile each.

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82
Q

WHAT PROCESS IS USED IN ORDER TO CLEAN UP A BROWNFIELD SITE?

A

In order to reuse a brownfield, the hazrdous waste and pollution must be removed and cleaned up through a process called remediation.

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83
Q

DESCRIBE HOW MAINTAINING A WELL ORGANIZED BUILDING DESIGN WILLHELP THE PROJECT RUN MORE SMOOTHLY.

A

Circulation will be centrally located.

Spaces used by a majority of people may be placed up front (lobby, reception), while specialized purposes may be put further back (conf. room)

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84
Q

WHY IS LEAD BASED PAINT CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS MATERIAL IF DISCOVERED IN A BUILDING?

A

Lead was found to cause permanent neurological brain damage, reproductive problems, and nerve damage.

As a result, lead based paints were officially banned in 1978.

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85
Q

NAME TWO METHODS TO MITIGATE THE DISCOVERY OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ON SITE…

A

Removing hazardous material from the site and property disposing per federal, state, and local guidelines.

Encapsulating and permanently sealing the material on the site per federal, state, and local guidelines.

86
Q

WHAT OBSTACLES GENERALLY STAND IN THE WAY OF BROWNFIELD REMEDIATION?

A

Chemicals from brownfieds can contaminate large swaths of the groundwater.

Groundwater contamination is a serious problem and the site should be tested.

In addition, remediation can often be expensive, though federal, state or local funding may be available to cover the costs of the cleanup.

87
Q

NAME TWO METHODS TO INCORPORATE PASSIVE COOLING INTO A BUILDING.

A
  1. Arrange windows for cross ventillation
  2. Use a “thermal chimney”
88
Q

WHAT CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE GIVEN FOR EXTERIOR BUILDING MATERIALS?

A

Materials used on the exterior of a building must withstand the elements.

Durable materials should be selected to extend the useful life of the materials.

the local conditions should help determine the appropriate materials.

89
Q

WHAT CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE GIVEN FOR INTERIOR BUILDING MATERIALS?

A

Using interior materials with low or no VOCs will help maintain the air quality within the building.

The materials most susceptible to off gassing VOCs include paint, carpet, adhesives in cabinetry and woodwork and upholstery.

90
Q

WHAT TYPICAL BUILDING APPLIANCE CONSUMES THE LARGEST QUANTITY OF ENERGY?

A

Nearly 20% of all the energy used in your home goes just to your water heater. Wow.

91
Q

WHAT IS GRAYWATER?

A

Showers, baths, faucets and laundry require clean water. The soapy water going down the drain is graywater.

Named for its grayish cast, graywater accounts for around 60% of the water flowing out of your home.

92
Q

HOW IS A MATERIAL SUSTAINABLY HARVESTED?

A

A sustainably hrvested material is one that is gathered without killing or destroying the original source.

Rather than chopping down an entire tree to get the wood, a sustainably harvested material is collected by trimming the plant.

93
Q

WHY IS A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM A SUSTAINABLE OPTION FOR LANDSCAPE WATERING?

A

Instead of using sprinklers, a drip irrigation system uses up to 80% less water - by bringing the water directly to the roots where it belongs.

94
Q

WHAT IS “DROUGHT TOLERANT” LANDSCAPING

A

Refers to plants that require very little water to thrive.

By planting species that are native to your macroclimate, you can eliminate the need for watering in the first place.

95
Q

NAME THREE WAYS TO REUSE GRAYWATER IN AND AROUNDA BUILDING.

A

Graywater is considered non-potable. However, it can be used in toilets, irrigation using a drip system, or as a reserve for fire protection.

96
Q

HOW IS THE USE OF GRAYWATER DIFFERENT FROM RAINWATER HARVESTING?

A

Rainwater is collected rain.

Graywater is collected, filtered, and stored for later use to irrigate the landscape or flush toilets.

The use of both graywater and harvested rainwater are the same, however the source is different.

97
Q

DEFINE MICROCLIMATE…

A

The specific local conditions of the site.

Its affected by the vegetation, elevation, slope, water, wind, solar exposure and any man-made structures.

98
Q

WHAT SITE ELEMENTS CAN BE STUDIED TO DETERMINE THE AFFECT OF THE MOICROCLIMATE ON THE SITE?

A

Location of plants and bodies of water.

Amount and location of sun exposure.

Prevailing wind patterns.

Ground surface coverage.

99
Q

DEFINE ALBEDO

A

Measure of the reflectivity of a material.

Snow has a high albedo = 1

Grass, asphalt has low albedo = 0

100
Q

WAHT ARE FOUR SITE FEATURES THAT CAN AFFECT THE MICROCLIMATE OF A SITE?

A

Site Latitude - warmer closer to equator

Site Elevation - affects rain and snow fall, and temps

Prevailing Winds - winds on a site can impact air temp

Proximity to Water - stabilize temperature swings

Proximity to Mountains - cause prevailing winds to rise, which causes them to cool, form clouds, and often release moisture.

Topography - steep sloping sites can increase wind velocity thus decreasing site temperature

101
Q

DESCRIBE THE ANGLE OF REPOSE…

A

Describes how soils form mounds when loose.

Sand and gravel are stiff soils and will have steeper angles o repose as compared to soft silts or clays.

102
Q

HOW CAN THERMAL EXPANSION AFFECT THE DESIGN OF A BUILDING?

A

Thermal Expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.

Knowin what materials may be more susceptible to thermal expansion will help guide the overall design of the building.

103
Q

WHAT IS LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS?

A

Life cycle analysis is an assessment of the entire environmental impact of a material or product through its entire life.

Looks at the impacts caused from exraction, manufacturing, proceessing, trasport, storage, maintenance, and disposal.

104
Q

HOW DOES BUILDING ORIENTATION EFFECT NATURAL DAYLIGHTING?

A

South windows get nice direct sunlight in winter

105
Q

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ASKED REGARDIG BUILDING MATERIALS DURING A LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS?

A

Where did this material come from?

What are the by-products of its manufacturer?

How is the material delivered and installed?

How is the material maintained & operated?

How healthy are the materials?

What do we do with them once we are done with the materials?

106
Q

DESCRIBE THE TREATMENTS FOR A NORTH FACING WINDOW VS. AN EAST FACING WINDOW

A

North facing: No treatment needed, ambient light

East facing: early sun will be harsh, but provide an opportunity to start warming the building early in the day.

107
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO BASIC TYPES OF SITE DRAINAGE?

A

Above ground - involves sheet flow, gutters built into roadways and parking areas, ground swales and channels.

Underground - utilizes perforated drains and enclosed storm sewers that carry the runoff from the site to a municipal storm sewer ystem or to a nature drainage outlet such as a river.

108
Q

WHAT ARE (4) MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING EXTERIOR FINISHES FOR A BUILDING?

A
  1. Material is appropriately used
  2. Material can withstand elements (sun, wind, rain, etc)
  3. Maintenance (how often?)
  4. How well does the material perform for its intended use and longevity? (Life cycle)
109
Q

WHAT IS AN AIR RIGHT, AND WHO GENERALLY ENFORCES OR MONITORS THESE RIGHTS?

A

Air rights: the right to use the space above a property can be sold or leased to someone else.

both Grand central Station and Madison Square Garden in NY sold their iar rights to taller buildings.

Local Zoning ordinances or guidelines from the FAA can be used to enforce air rights.

110
Q

WHAT FORM OF LOAN IS THE MOST COMMON FOR LAND PURCHASES?

A

Mortgage: a contract in which a buyer of a property borrows money from a bank or any other landing institution to purchase the property.

111
Q

NAME (5) TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ACCESSIBLE PARKING

A
  • Handicapped parking stalls must have a 5’ access aisle between every two spaces
  • For van accessible stalls, an 8’ wide access aisle is req’d between the spaces
  • Parking stalls to be 9’x18’ min
  • Number of req’d stalls depends on total number of parking spaces and building type
  • Stalls to be located near building entrance with minimal need to cross vehicular path of travel
112
Q

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MERIDIANS AND PARALLELS

A

Longitudinal lines running N/S are called Meridians. Lines between are called range lines.

Latitudinal lines running E/W are called parallels. Lines between the parallels are called township lines.

113
Q

WHAT IS A PERFORMANCE CODE AND HOW DOES IT DIFFER FROM A PRESCRIPTIVE CODE?

A

A code that describes functional req’s that meet a certain standartd, allowing the architect to find ways to meet those standards.

the open nature of the code promotes innovation whereas a prescriptive code does not.

114
Q

WHAT IS A VARIANCE?

A

A variance is a request to break from some of the req’s of zoning (max ht, min setback, etc.) because complying with these req’s would create financial hardship or practical construction challenges

115
Q

WHAT SITE CIRCULATION REQ’S SHOULD YOU CONSIDER WHEN ADDRESSING ACCESSIBLE DESIGN?

A
  • Min req’d for two wheelchairs to pass each other is 60”, so public walks should be min. 5’ wide.
  • Walks should have a max gradient of 1:20, and max cross gradient of 1:50
  • Ramps should be a min of 3’ wide and not exceed 30’ in length. At landings a 5’ long area should be provided.
  • All acessible paths of travel which cross into vehicular aisles are req’d to have detectable warning strips (ie truncated domes)
  • Handrails should be located at each side of ramp if its rise is greater than 6’. A protective curb should be installed on the side where a ramp is above grade
116
Q

DEFINE COVENANT AND DESCRIBE HOW IT COULD IMPACT SITE DESIGN…

A

Covenants are written agreements or a promise under seal between two or more parties for the performance of some specific action or restriction.

Covenants came into use in large scale residential land dvelopment prior to the advent of zoning.

The purpose of a covenant was to protect the aesthetics or amenitites of the properties for the liefe of the deed.

117
Q

WHAT IS A DEED OF TRUST?

A

transfers the legal title to a trustee, who holds it as security for a loan between borrower and lender.

If the borrower defaults on the loan, the trustee has the power to foreclose on behalf of the beneficiary.

118
Q

NAME (4) DIFFERENT TYPES OF SITE EASEMENTS…

A
  • Joint easement: used when two owners access a strip of land between two houses which has a property line running in the center.
  • Party wall easement:
  • Condemnation easement: is an easement for public good. As in the case where req’d for a street, hightway, railroad right of way or for a telephone or electric power line.
  • Histroic facade easement: may be established by a municipality to protect a historically valuable architectural facade in an area where development is occuring.
119
Q

HOW DOES THE PROCESS OF EMINENT DOMAIN EFFECT LAND DEVLOPMENT?

A

If a property is needed to complete a public roject, or req’d for the greater god, the owner may be req’d to relinquish his property to the gov’t.

120
Q

WHAT IS THE ALLOCATION METHOD OF LAND VALUATION?

A

value of land may be estimated by deducting the value of the site improvement from the total value of the property (including building).

121
Q

HOW DOES OVER IMPROVEMENT DIFFER FROM UNDER IMPROVEMENT

A

Over-improvement refers to a preoprty that the cost of improvement exceeds potential revenue or income.

122
Q

NAME (4) TYPES OF LANDOWNERS

A
  • Joint tenancy: two or more people each holding an undivided interest (meaning land is not physically divided into individual pieces, bur rather each owner has a share in the ownership of the whole)
  • Partnership: the land is owned by a group of people. Upon a death of one of the partners, the partnership may be disolved and assets distributed among surviving partners and the estate of the deceased partner.
  • Corporation: legal entity with rights and liability independent of those of its shareholders. If a shareholder dies, his shares pass on to his heirs.
  • Trustee: is a type of ownership taht holds property in the trustees own name for the benefit of another person or group he represents.
123
Q

WHAT ARE (5) TYPES OF LAND/PROPERTY OWNERSHIP AND HOW DO THEY DIFFER?

A
  • Fee Simple: owner has absolute title or ownership, which he can transfer by sale (private homes)
  • Condominium: buyer obtains fee simple ownership for a portion of a structure
  • Cooperative: differs significantly from condo in that the owner does not legally own a specific portion of the physical property. He instead owns a share in a corporation which in turn owns the land and structures.
  • Leasehold: the lessee (person whom the lease is granted) has the right to use a piece of property under certain conditions for a certain time limit
  • Sale and leaseback: an arrangement in which one party sells a property to a buyer and the buyer immediately leases the property back to the seller.
124
Q

DEFINE UNDER-IMPROVEMENT

A

Refers to a property that is not being used to its highest and best use, thus reducing the value of the property.

125
Q

HOW IS THE RESIDUAL LAND VALUATION METHOD DIFFERENT FROM THE DEVELOPMENT METHOD?

A

Residual method or income approach method: value can be determined by estimating the potential income from site improvements.

Development method: value of land may be determined by estimating developmental costs of a parcel and determining sale price of individual lots.

126
Q

HOW CAN THE CONCEPT OF “NON-CONFORMING USE” EITHER BENEFIT OR HINDER THE DESIGN OF A SITE?

A

A good zoning code must allow for buildings that may have been permitted or allowed when built, but now no longer comply with the current zoning regulations. This is “non-conforming use”.

An example would be an industrial factory building built in 1920, but today is in an area marked for residential or commercial oning. Int this case, the factory could be able to continue operation in that location.

127
Q

WAHT IS A CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT?

A

If you wish to build or use a building for a purpose not granted in the zoning code, you could apply for a “conditional use” permit

This grants you the ability to use the building for you proposed use, even thouh the zoning code normally would not allow it.

128
Q

WHAT IS REQ’D IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A BUILDING PERMIT?

A

A building permit can oly be obtained after ALL agencies have signed off on the project.

The owner can obtain the building permit or the general contractor can obtain the building permit and will have to show license and proof of workers compensation insurance.

129
Q

DEFINE “DEAD END” PARKING…

A

No drive thru circulation. Force users to backup to exit.

130
Q

NAME FOUR TYPICAL CRITERIA ITEMS FOR STREET DESIGN…

A
  • the paved vehicular right of way (prop line to prop line) slopes from a high point at the center (crown) at 1/8” to 1/2” per foot for positive drainage.
  • street widths are determined bu the number of traffic lanes, typical land is 11’-12’
  • typical two lnae highway or arterial street, allowing 9’ for shoulders is about 40’
  • road paving consists of: concrete, asphaltic concrete, gravel, decomposed granite, stabilized soil, and graded compacted earth shaped for drainage.
  • planting strip to divide lands must be at least 4’ wide if ground cover material only is provided and 7’ wide if trees are planted
131
Q

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING CIRCULATION PATTERNS: RADIAL, LINEAR, AND CURVILINEAR

A

Radial - directs flow in or out of a common center, with straight channels of circulation radiatin gfrom this center point

Linear - connects flow between two points, either along a single line or along a series of parallel lines.

Curvilinear - responds to the topography of land and follows its natural contours

132
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOUR PRIMARY CATEGORIES OF TRAFFIC CIRCULATION?

A
  1. Local Streets - provide access to low intensity uses in front of them
  2. Collecto/Distributor Streets - serve as transitional channels between local access to a neighborhood and arterial channels
  3. Arterial Streets - or highways are continuous channels that connect with freeways (at the exits)
  4. Freeways - designed to allow large volumes of traffic to move quickly between, around, or through urban centers
133
Q

DESCRIBE LIQUEFACTION…

A

Liquefaction refers to soils that have come loose and act in a liquid state.

Earthquakes are often triggers of liquefaction and result in landslides and serious damage.

134
Q

PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER IN TERMS OF LOW TO HIGH INTENSITY: FREEWAYS, LOCAL STREETS, ARTERIAL STREETS, COLLECTO/DISTRIBUTOR STREETS

A
  1. Local Streets
  2. Collector/Distributor Streets
  3. Arterial Streets
  4. Freeways
135
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE PRIMARY REASONS FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN?

A

Landscape design is typically passive and is used for recreation, circulation and comfort.

136
Q

IN ARCHITECTURAL TERMS, DEFINE STYLE…

A

In architecture, tyle is defined as a set of repeating and identifiable elements in a design.

137
Q

DESCRIBE THE FIVE BASIC FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS THAT AFFECT INTERNAL BUILDING COMFORT…

A
  1. Hot air rises - Placin vents or windows in the correct location helps create cooling breezes
  2. High summer sun - Well positioned overhangs can shad the home and keep it cooler in the summer.
  3. Low winter sun - Sunlight passes under any overhangs to reach into the home and keep it warm
  4. Thermal mass - moderate temp swings
  5. Insulation - regulate temp
138
Q

WHAT TYPE OF INTERSECTION IS THE LEAST EFFICIENT IN TERMS OF COST AND SPACE USAGE?

A

Grade separations are the most expensive and space consuming intersections.

They include: the cloverleaf, the direct left turn interchange and the diamond intersection

139
Q

HOW DOES THE CONSTRUCTION TYPE CONSTRICT THE DESIGN OF A BUILDING/SITE?

A

Classified according to degree of Fire resistance, determined by the fire zone it is located in and intended use, influences the height, floor area, and materials

140
Q

HOW DOES A CATCHMENT AREA DIFFER FROM A CATCHMENT BASIN?

A

A Catchment area refers to a demographic and geographic region and population.

A Catchment basin is a drainage basin used to collect water to avoid flooding

141
Q

NAME THE 10 OCCUPANCY GROUPS FOUND IN MOST BUILDING CODES…

A
  1. Assembly
  2. Business
  3. Educational
  4. Factory & Industrial
  5. Hazardous
  6. Institutional
  7. Mercantile
  8. Residential
  9. Storage
  10. Utility & Misc.
142
Q

WHAT IS A CATCHMENT AREA?

A

A “Catchment area” is a development term that refers to the geographic region an dpopulation from which a facility attracts visitors/customers.

143
Q

DESCRIBE THE COMPARISON METHOD OF LAND VALUATION…

A

Comparison method or market data approach: comparing a similar nearby parcel of land sold recently.

this is the most accurate since it compares to real sales of real properties

144
Q

DESCRIBE A PRESCRIPTIVE CODE…

A

A code that specifies specific techniques, materials, and methods allowed for use.

Simple to administer, but allows for no innovation.

145
Q

IN ZONING TERMS, WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BUILDING SETBACKS?

A

Ensures streets will have access to light and air.

146
Q

WHAT BUILDING SPACES ARE SOMETIMES ALLOWED TO FALL OUTSIDE THE ZONING HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS?

A

Penthouses, fan rooms, and skylights are sometimes allowed to exceed height restrictions.

147
Q

DESCRIBE HOW TO CALCULATE THE F.A.R. OF YOUR SITE…

A

A ratio of the alowable floor area in relation ot the size of the property. An F.A.R. of 2.0 would mean that you are allowed to build twice the lot area.

148
Q

NAME THREE ITEMS THE BUILDING DEPARTMENT WILL REVIEW THE PLANS FOR…

A
  1. Accessibility compliance
  2. Building Code compliance
  3. Egress requirements
149
Q

WHICH DEPARTMENT WOULD PERFORM PLAN CHECK FIRST IN THE BUILDING PERMIT APPROVAL PROCESS?

A

The Planning Dept. is always the first step in the permit approval process.

Building and Safety will not perform a plan check until after Planning has completed their review.

150
Q

NAME THREE SITE FEATURES THAT MAY NEED TO BE PRESERVED ON A SITE AND DESCRIBE WHY…

A
  • landforms
  • vegetation
  • circulation systems
  • water features
  • furnishings and fixtures
  • decorative elements
  • subsurface archeology
151
Q

HOW DOES NATURE PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVLOPMENT OF SITE AND BUILDING DESIGN?

A

Nature provides forms that respond perfectly to their function and surroundings.

Embracing the natural features of a site help to limit the disturbance of it.

152
Q

IN WHAT WAYS DOES KEVIN LYNCH DESCRIBE HOW PEOPLE REACT TO URBAN AREAS IN HIS BOOK “THE IMAGE OF THE CITY”?

A

Urban Legibility: refers to how the parts of any city are recognized by your brain and organized into a pattern. This legibility is important since it orients us and helps us find our way.

Imageability: refers to how well a place is recognized and understandable. Well loved cities such as New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Rome or Paris would be considered highly imaginable given the way people understand and move through them.

153
Q

DESCRIBE AN IDEAL DENSITY…

A

New Urbanisim is an approach calling for traditional town planning by combining mixed-use and high density to create livable spaces. Community density should have a mix of building types, including housing, public space, shopping areas and school facilities.

154
Q

IN WHAT WAYS DOES KEVIN LYNCH DESCRIBE HOW PEOPLE REACT TO URBAN AREAS IN HIS BOOK “THE IMAGE OF THE CITY”?

A

Urban Legibility: refers to how the parts of any city are recognized by your brain and organized into a pattern. This legibility is important since it orients us and helps us find our way.

Imageability: refers to how well a place is recognized and understandable. Well loved cities such as New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Rome or Paris would be considered highly imaginable given the way people understand and move through them.

155
Q

IDENTIFY (3) PURPOSES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A ZONING CODE…

A

Protect local residents from undesirable types of business.

Protect the access to direct sunlight and fresh air.

Protect the amount of open space for local residents.

Ensure incompatible types of building uses do not disturb residents (i.e. putting a loud factory next to a quiet library)

156
Q

NAME (3) ITEMS NOT INCLUDED IN A CONSTRUCTION BUDGET…

A
  1. Financing (lender to the Owner)
  2. Cost of the land
  3. Services provided by an architect or engineer
157
Q

WHAT TYPES OF COST ESTIMATION OCCUR AT EACH MAJOR PROJECT PHASE?

A

Pre-Planning (proposal phase): Unit Costs i.e. based on costs per student, per hospital bed, per sq ft, per cubic foot of bldg volume.

Programming: Unit cost system, cost per sq ft, based on similar building types or functions of spaces.

SD: based on the major elements of each building system, i.e. structure, MEP

DD: detailed components, can be unit costs for the component (sq ft of curtain wall)

CD: unit rates for construction components, assemblie and systems. Unit rates are required for pre-bid estimates, cost checks, and cost breakdown

158
Q

SHOULD AN ARCHITECT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DIRECTING SEQUENCING DURING CONSTRUCTION?

A

No, the contractor is ultimately responsible for construction means and methods.

The architect can advise the contactor as to any special features that may reequire certain sequencing, but are not responsible for directing such work.

159
Q

WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT?

A

Integrate the design of landscaping with the streets and buildings.

Create a complete and comprehensive design.

Began movement towards modern city planning.

160
Q

WHAT NEGATIVE EFFECTS MIGHT THE PROJECT EXPERIENCE FROM SORTENING THE PROJECT SCHEDULE?

A
  • Work overtime (costly and inefficient)
  • Hire more people (learning curve, costly)
  • Reduce man hours (poor quality in drawings)
  • Overall, causes higher costs for Design and Construction and lower quality projects
161
Q

NAME (4) ELEMENTS THAT FOUND IN THE CITY BEAUTIFUL PLAN…

A
  1. A grand public space containing a central landscape feature.
  2. A centrally located civic space.
  3. Use of boulevards to connect public spaces together.
  4. Use of classical elements in the buildings and monuments.
162
Q

HOW DOES THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT DIFFER FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD THEORY?

A

1929 Clarance Perry “Neighborhood Theory”

  • one neighborhood = one elementary school

1941 Clarance Stein “Neighborhood Unit”

  • three neighborhoods group to serve one high school
  • many neighborhoods can be grouped together to form larger communitites
163
Q

HOW DOES A VARIANCE AFFECT THE ZONING CODE APPLICABLE TO A PARTICULAR SITE?

A

A variance is a request to break from some of the requirements of zoning (maximum height, minimum setbacks, etc.) because complying with these req’s would create financial hardship or practical construction challenges.

Ex. the local zoning code req’s your building to be no more than 30’ in height, but your property is on a steeply sloping street and needs additional height to work. In this case, you could apply for a variance to exceed the height limitation. Variance requrests are often overheard by a Zoning Board or Planning Commission.

164
Q

WHEN AND WHY WAS THE FIRST ZONING CODE INTRODUCED?

A

The first modern zoning code was introduced in New York City in 1916. As the buildings grew taller, the lack of access to sunlight and air threatened the surrounding property values.

While earlier covenants and restrictions had been used for residential development, zoning addresses all land development.

165
Q

DESCRIBE A “NON-CONDITIONAL USE” PERMIT

A

This grants you the ability to use the building for your proposed use, even though the zoning code normally would not allow it.

This use is tpically granted with certain restrictions and may not be transferable to a new owner.

166
Q

WHAT SITE ISSUES WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE ZONING CODE?

A

Building type (residential, comercial, industrial, etc)

Allowable buildig heights.

Any required setbacks from property lines, rights-of-way, streets and sidewalks.

167
Q

HOW CAN DESIGN INFLUENCE HOW PEOPLE MOVE AND REACT WITHIN A SPACE?

A

The shape of a space can provide wayfinding clues.

A long narrow hallway provides and axis for site and travel.

A circular room has no directional axis, people tend to look upward (Pantheon).

168
Q

DESCRIBE THE TWO DIFFERENT WAYS TO DOCUMENT A SURVEY…

A

Geodetic: takes into account the spherical shape of the Earth, and describes large land areas with great precision (eliminates distortion).

Plane: presents the site as a flat plane. Although technically distorted, this is the method used most often

169
Q

WHAT CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE EVALUATED DURING SITE DESIGN?

A

Temperature: comfort zone ranges between 63˚-71˚ in winter, and 66˚-75˚ in summer.

Humidity: comfort zone ranges between 30%-60% relative humidity.

Solar Radiation: lack of natural lighting in winter can cause depression.

Air Movement: breezes promote evaporation thus maintaining consistent humidity levels

Air Pollution: natural weather patterns can magnify the effects of man-made pollution.

170
Q

WHY IS SOLAR ORIENTATION IMPORTANT WHEN LAYOUT OUT A SITE DESIGN?

A

More perpendicular sunlight = greater radiation (heat)

Passive solar strategies

171
Q

WHAT ARE POTENTIAL CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH HANDLING STORMWATER RUNOFF?

A

Debris, trash and pollutants can get swept up with the stormwater and pollute the sewer.

This increases stormwater treatment procedures.

Flooding is often problematic since most storm sewers become overwhelmed quickly during heavy storms

172
Q

WHAT FACTORS OF SUN RADIATION SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN DESIGNING A SITE?

A
  • Time of Day: how much sun is received on site in the morning compared to the afternoon
  • Aximuth: the angle between the sun and the horizon. Summer sun has a larger azimuth than Winter sun
  • Duration of Sun Exposure: sites in the Northern Hemisphere have more hours of sunlight in the summer than in the winter.
  • Slope of Site: ground slope affects the amount of solar energy the site receives.
173
Q

NAME (4) CONCERNS FOR STORMWATER RUNOFF AND RAINWATER COLLECTION/DISTRIBUTION…

A
  • proper slope and drainage of site
  • desert environment: design to avoid flash flooding
  • avoid large areas of concrete/impervious surfaces
  • use of landscape swales to direct water
  • proper storm drain system to avoid waterway contamination
  • avoid building in flood prone areas; elevate above the 100yr flood plain and reinforce the foundation
174
Q

NAME (4) WAYS YOU CAN MITIGATE DISTURBANCE TO LOCAL FLORA AND FAUNA WHEN DESIGNING A SITE…

A
  • designate no disturbance zones
  • replant disturbed areas to other parts of the site
  • minimize disturbance to natural site water supplies
  • minimize night site lighting to not disturb fauna
  • maintain wildlife use corridors throughout the site
175
Q

WHAT PURPOSE DO DECIDUOUS TREES SERVE BEST ON A PROJECT SITE?

A

Shading the Summer sun, and allowing heat in from the Winter sun.

176
Q

DEFINE A DECIDUOUS TREE AND NAME THREE SPECIES THAT FALL UNDER THIS CATEGORY…

A

Leaves fall in the Autumn and expose bare brances through the Winter allowing sun to pass into a building.

Deciduous species include maples, elms, oaks, and sycamores.

177
Q

YOUR PROJECT PROGRAM SPECIFIES THAT THE SITE MUST BE PROTECTED FROM COLD WINTER WINDS. WHAT TYPE OF TREE WOULD BE BEST SUITED FOR THIS CONDITION?

A

Conifers are excellent wind breakers as they retain their dense needle filled branches year-round.

178
Q

DEFINE A CONIFER AND GIVE (2) EXAMPLES OF THIS TYPE OF TREE.

A

Needle like evergreens that do not shed leaves.

Perfect when used as year-round wind breakers or privacy screens.

Pines, surch as spruce and firs are the most common conifers.

179
Q

HOW DOES “SMART LANDSCAPING” HELP ACT AS A NATURAL HEAT BUFFER ON A SITE?

A

Trees can help screen and direct winds on te site.

Trees and vegetation absorb sunlight and add humidity to the air.

Planted areas are cooler during hot summer days.

180
Q

NAME (4) GENERAL RULES OF THUMB FOR SITE GRADING AND WHAT THEY ARE BEST USED FOR…

A

4%-10% is moderate and requires some effor to climb or descend

10%-50% is steep and suitable only for limited activity.

>50% is considered very steep and is subject to soil erosion or collapse.

181
Q

HOW DOES THE LEVEL OF THE WATER TABLE ON THE SITE AFFECT THE DESIGN OF THE FOUNDATION?

A

If the water table is located less than 6’ below the surface, it is considered high and will limit foundation design.

A mat slab or pile foundation may be necessary in order to evenly distribute the loads of the building on site.

182
Q

DEFINE ECOLOGY…

A

Ecology: the science of the relationship between an organism or community and its environment.

The community comprises of all the living plants and animals occupying a given area.

183
Q

WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM SLOPE ALLOWED FOR AN ACCESSIBLE RAMP?

A

1:12 = 8.3% SLOPE

184
Q

WHAT CONDITIONS COULD OCCUR IF A HIGH WATER TABLE IS FOUND IN A COLD CLIMATE?

A

Especially problematic in cold climates since water expands as it freezes.

The wrong type of foundation could crack or settle if water table freezes and pushes upward.

185
Q

DESCRIBE THE NEIGHBORHOOD CONCEPT…

A

The largest use of land is for residential needs.

Designing a well balanced and useful neighborhood benefits the community as a whole.

Live, work, education and recreation should all be located within a close proximity to one another.

186
Q

WHAT ARE THE (5) TYPES OF SOILS?

A

Gravel: drains well, able to bear loads

Sand: drains well, good foundation when graded

Silt: stable when dry or damp, not wet. Swells when frozen

Clay: plastic when wet, stiff when dry. Must be removed.

Organic: contains peat, leaves, grass, etc. Must be removed.

187
Q

NAME THE FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOIL…

A

Level A: Topsoil, essential for growth of plants. Takes a long time to develop.

Level B: Minerals, lies below the plants roots and supports life

Level C: Weathered and fractured rock with little biological activity.

Level D: Solid bedrock

188
Q

DEFINE COMPACTION AND SURCHARGING…

A

Compaction: compressing soils to release air trapped between the grains. Creates higher bearing capacity. Creates higher bearing capacity.

Surcharging: adding soils to a site in order to increase the weight on the soils and aid in compaction. Lengthy process could take 6-12 months.

189
Q

WHAT IS CUT AND FILL?

A

Cut and fill refers to regrading a sloping site in order to create a level area for a building foundation.

If req’d, the amount of cutting should approx. equal the amount of fill.

190
Q

DEFINE CAPILLARY ACTION…

A

Capillary action: refers to the ability of water to seep into small openings and penetrate into an object.

If the foundation comes into contact with the water table, water could penetrate into the building causing further structural and mold related issues.

191
Q

NAME (4) SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS THAT COULD AFFECT THE FOUNDATION DESIGN…

A
  • presence of soft clay (clay expands when wet & contracts when dry)
  • fine water-bearing sand or loose silt (sand and silt settle quickly)
  • presence of underground streams
  • evidence of slides or sinking earth
  • areas of recent fills such as garbage dumps
  • rock formations close to the surface of the ground
  • presence of swamps or peat
192
Q

ARCHITECTS ARE REQUIRED TO CONDUCT THEMSELVES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MORAL CODE ESTABLISHED IN THE ARCHITECT’S PRACTICE ACT. NAME THREE ORAL VALUES ESENTIAL TO WELL THOUGHT OUT DESIGN…

A
  1. Design should …have integrity, honesty, and wholeness throughout.
  2. be expressive of the human spirit
  3. be regarded as an opportunity to demonstrate the basic principles of Architecture.
  4. should have an encompassing physical design concept.
  5. should be a space in which activity, interaction, and accomplishments take place.
  6. Should be a physical place or spatial forum that encourages human contact
    * Architectural space, therefore, facilitates a broad range of human activities; it does not prescribe or limit them.*
193
Q

NAME (5) MATERIALS COMMONLY USED FOR MOISTURE PROTECTION IN BUILDINGS…

A
  1. Admixtures: added to concrete to repel water
  2. Bituminous coatings: asphalt or coal-tar pitch materials applied to exterior side of foundation wall
  3. Cementitious coatings - portland cement mortar toweled over the surface of foundation walls.
  4. Membranes - built-up layers of hot or cold applied asphalt felts.
  5. Plastics - generally used for above grade dampproofing.
194
Q

DURING PROGRAMMING, WHAT ASPECTS OF SPATIAL DESIGN SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION?

A
  1. Must have human scale, in both its material parts and its spaces (interior and exterior)
  2. utilize the familiar and commonplace building techniques of its locale.
  3. Gracefulness in shape and massing
  4. Exhibit a degree of exuberance (expression); it is an assertive act
  5. Exhibit a priority or hierarchy of parts
  6. Offer the human eye a visually rich and interesting field of view.
  7. Establish a relationship between interior and exterior spaces
195
Q

NAME (5) ITEMS THE BUILDING DEPARTMENT WILL REVIEW FOR DURING THE PLAN CHECK PROCESS…

A
  1. Construction Standards of Care (nailing patterns, connections); structural and seismic requirements (shear walls, bolting, lateral forces)
  2. Hurricane requirements (impact strength, roof shingle attachement)
  3. Accessibility Guidelines (Wheelchair ramps, handrails)
  4. Safety (guardrails, stair nosings); Health standards (ventilation, fresh air needs)
  5. Sanitation requirements (pipe locations and size, water supply)
  6. Assembly (room locations and sizes)
  7. Electrical (wiring safety, outlet locations, circuit breakers)
  8. Fireplace Requirements (smoke dampers, ventilation reqs, glass doors)
  9. Energy Efficiency Reqs (minimum insulation, window sizes, orientation)
  10. Water efficiency Reqs (low flow toilets, plumbing flow rates)
  11. Egress and exiting Reqs (exit signage, hallway length & width)
  12. Fireplace protection (sprinklers, smoke/fire dampers, standpipes)
196
Q

DESCRIBE THREE LAND PATTERNS TAHT HAVE DEVELOPED DUE TO URBAN GROWTH…

A

Concentric Pattern: series of rings around central business district.

Sector Pattern: land usage arranged in pie wedges radiating from center of city.

Multiple Nuclei Pattern: city composed of several distinct central points.

197
Q

DESCRIBE THE TREATMENTS FOR A SOUTH FACING WINDOW VS. A WEST FACING WINDOW…

A

South facing: receive sunlight nearly all day. In hot climates, use overhangs above the windows to block the summer sun from coming in. A 2’ overhang will shade the summer sun, but allow the winter sun to come in.

West facing: receive hot afternoon sun until sunset. The western sun is much lower in the sky, so overhangs will not prevent the heat from entering the building. Using louvers will help control the amout of sun that enters the building.

198
Q

NAME (2) SITE CONSIDERATIONS IN REGARDS TO ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN…

A

Design requires an appropriate relationship between the structure and its site.

Design needs to respond to site characteristics: form, climate, solar orientation, natural vegetation, and existing structures.

The design should be placed in the landscape to be seen; conversely, views of the surrounding landscape should be visible from the building.

199
Q

DESCRIBE A TYPICAL SITE CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE FROM BEGINNING TO COMPLETION…

A
  1. Identify areas to be protected and determin point of construction access to the site.
  2. Perform runoff control to minimize stormwater runoff from the site.
  3. Grade the site and remove any required existing features such as landscaping or structures.
  4. Stabilize the surface to prep for foundation construction.
  5. Pour the foundation and begin building construction.
  6. Perform site improvements such as landscaping and paving.
200
Q

NAME (5) ITEMS INCLUDED IN A PROJECT DEVELOPMENT BUDGET…

A
  1. Site acquisition (land fees, insurance)
  2. Construction costs (site grading, building construction)
  3. Professional services (architects, engineers)
  4. Inspection & Testing (before and during construction)
  5. contingencies (before and during construction)
201
Q

DEFINE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE…

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity.

For a retaining wall, any groundwater behind the wall that is not dissipated by a drainage system causes hydrostatic pressure on the wall.

202
Q

WHAT IS FF&E?

A

Furniture, fixtures, and equipment (FF&E) is a term used to describe all the loose items within a building.

203
Q

WHAT IS A GRID CIRCULATION PATTERN?

A

Grid System: consists of regularly spaced streets and roads that are perpendicular to each other, forming a grid.

  • it’s regularity, simplicity, and convenience make it appealing.
  • simplifies subdivision of land for both agricultural and urban use
  • provides a sense of orientation, so long as it is not used too extensively and contains enough landmarks for wayfinding
204
Q

NAME (4) CONSIDERATIONS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN DESIGNING A PARKING LOT…

A
  1. Parking stalls should be a minimum of 8’-4”. (this allows for 20” clearance between cars when centered in lane).
  2. Angled parking (40˚ or less) may lead to reduction in stall width.
  3. Aisle serving one way circulation is 12’ in length
  4. Parking spaces are estimated as 400 sq. ft. per vehicle, this includes 270 sq. ft. of actual req’d footprint and additional circulation.
205
Q

WHAT PARKING CONFIGURATION IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL?

A

Zac answer: perpendicular parking. Most spaces per parking lot.

Other: Angled parking at 30 degrees is most economical becasue stall projection is smaller (about 15’6” vs. 18’ or 90˚) However, requires greater curb length and triangular space at end is wasted.

206
Q

WHAT ARE (3) FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING ROADS THROUGH A SITE?

A
  1. Align roads to natural topography of site
  2. Parking lanes are 8’ wide for parallel parking, and 16’-20’ wide for perpendicular or angled parking.
  3. Streets with heavier traffic are designed with a 6” curb and gutter.
207
Q

HOW MUCH AREA SHOULD BE DEDICATED PER PERSON IN A PUBLIC SPACE WHERE MOST PEOPLE WILL BE STANDING?

A

A person standing still requires only 3 sq. ft.

208
Q

WHAT ARE (3) REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESSIBLE PARKING?

A
  1. Handicap stalls must be located near building entrances and designed to allow unimpeded movement
  2. Accessible stalls require a 5’ clear aisle for a standard stall, and 8’ clear for van accessible parking
  3. Quantity of stalls is defined by the building code and is generally a ratio of the overall parking. ( 1 accessible for 25 standard).
209
Q

WHAT (3) FACTORS CAN AFFECT LAND USE AND VALUE?

A

Land use depends on its potential role in the catchment area: it’s location, topography, and cost.

Additional factors contributing to land value are: access to the land, zoning, utilities & adjacent uses.

210
Q

WHAT ARE THE DOWNSIDES TO CREATING MONOCULTURE?

A

It’s monotonous, boring, and not diverse. (unofficial answer)

211
Q

WHAT IS ZONING?

A

Zoning: uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, safety, and welfare of people. Regulates the used of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories in residential areas), undesireable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers (hazardous chemicals in public areas).

A.R.E. Test (3 decks)

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