SP&D Flashcards

Question

DESCRIBE HOW GROUND SLOPE CAN AFFECT THE DESIGN OF YOUR PROJECT SITE...

Answer 1

Flat sites require less grading and excavation greatly reducing foundation costs and complexity. The slope of the site also determines the amount of rainwater that can be absorbed by the soil, the areas appropriate for driveways or parking and the access to natural light and views.

Answer 2

We measure noise (sound) in decibels (dB) on a logarithmic scale between 1 dB (bottom of hearing threshold) and 140 dB (threshold of pain). A change of 1 dB is the smallest diff that a human ear can detect. Some relative noise levels: 30dB - whisper from 6' away 80dB - telephone dial tone 115dB - loud rock concert 165dB - shotgun blast

Answer 3

- Staggering structural studs - Placing sound absorbers between materials - Sound attenuating insulation within the walls - Hanging materials or equipment on isolation device

Answer 4

By increasing the _density_ of the units on the site, you lower the individual construciton costs for each unit. The shared walls, utilities, sewer sytem, parking and roadways save the cost of providing that for each unit. By taking advantage of the _natural features_ of the site, such as the Sun, wind and rainwater, you can greatly reduce the cost of heating and cooling while improving occupant comfort. Techniques like passive solar orientation, passive cooling and water catchment are sustainable design concepts to consider.

Answer 5

1. UBC (Uniform Building Code) 2. BOCA (Building Officials Code Administrators) 3. ICBO (International Conference of Building Officials) 4. SBCCI (Southern Building Code Congress International The IBC (International Building Code): is new and first produced in 2000 by int eh ICC (International Code COuncil. It combines the three model building codes published by BOCA, ICBO and SBCCI.

Answer 6

_Preliminary_: basic plan showing the boundaries, orientation and maybe some major features. Used to prepare initial design plans. _Construction_: highly detailed plan showing the exact conditions of the site, details, existing structures, topography, offsets and benchmarks. _Possession_: also known as an "as-built" survey, this is done after construction to document the final, completed project.

Answer 7

Typ. European Town: 30 people/acre Typ. American City: 20 people/acre Efficient American suburb: 10 people/acre Sprawling American suburb: 2 people/acre

Answer 8

1. Large Scale: a PUD typically involves the development of a large project, such as an entire block, neighborhood or town. 2. Mixed Use 3. Phased: given the scale, the projects are usually phased over an extended period of time. Changes may be ade to future phases in response to eveloving community needs, changing economic demands or new planning regulations.

Answer 9

CD phase. Most work = highest fees

Answer 10

_Dampproofing_: control of moisture that is NOT under hydrostatic pressure. Most typical use of term is for protection of slabs and foundation walls below grade that are subject to continuous exposure to moisture _Waterproofing_: control of moisture and water taht IS subject to hydrostatic pressure. May include protecting structures below water table. Waterproofing is more difficult than dampproofing due to pressure and the need to reate a continuous seal over walls, slabs and joints in the structure.

Answer 11

- Single Family - Duplex - Row House - Walk-up Apartment - High Rise Apartment

Answer 12

Planned Unit Development (PUD): is the legal term used to describe the cluster concept, and can be used for residential, commercial or industrial developments, makint it broader in scope than a simple residential cluster.

Answer 13

Pretty self explainatory

Answer 14

Urban Redevelopment/Urban Renewal: referring to federally funded programs, these are a type of Planned Unit Develpment involving rehabilitating an existing (often urban) property. A PUD typically refers to a new development. Redevelopment ( or renewal) refers to improving an existing area to bring density, diversity and a mix of uses. Such projects have received increasing interest in recent years due to an overabundance of suburban sprawl and a desire by people to return to cities.

Answer 15

Low density planning requires the infrastructure to be more spread out, less efficient, and therefore more expensive. The number of people served by each foot of sewer pipe, utlitiy line, roadway and street lamp is much lower, demanding more expense.

Answer 16

Net Density: is the ratio of people to land, but excludes the streets, which could total as much as 25% of the overall site. Gross Density: this is the ratio of people to land, but includes everything such as the streets, open spaces, and parks. Since it is more accurate, gross density is found to be more useful in describing the density of the site.

Answer 17

Materials should be tested to asure they would perform as expected and designed. The life span of the material should be evaluated to make sure it would withstand normal wear and tear.

Answer 18

designed to protect the health, safety and welfare of the occupants. As such, codes set req's for life safety issues such as: fire protection (sprinklers fireproofing) or egress req's (hallway width, stairwell layout).

Answer 19

Amount of carbon pumped into the air from building (Carbon Dioxide Emissions)

Answer 20

Value History Renovation Costs Community Program Environment Archaic Materials

Answer 21

Craftsmanship Sustainability Character History Location

Answer 22

In order to stand comfortably and move about easily a total of 13 sq. ft. per person is req'd

Answer 23

Use large overhangs to shade the house from the southern and western sun for most of the day. inside, use a thick concrete wall to absorb heat.

Answer 24

30 people/acre

Answer 25

Trombe wall, duh

Answer 26

g = V/H(100) g = the grade of slope V = the rise or vertical distance H = the run or horizontal distance Multiply by 100 to convert into a percentage

Answer 27

The level of water below the surface of the ground is referred to as the "water table"

Answer 28

The lenghth of the building should be placed parallel to the contour lines as this minimizes foundation work and eases rainwater drainage. This also applies to driveways and roads.

Answer 29

Hydrostatic pressure is caused when the weight of water is forced against an object by gravity. Since water is very heavy, the more water that presses against a foundation, the greater pressure due to gravity. This can cause weaknesses in the foundation and will require additional strength and reinforcement in order to avoid potential problems.

Answer 30

A typical stem wall foundation would be appropriate for this site as there are stable soils at the surface.

Answer 31

Organic Soils: no bearing capacity, must be removed. Cohesive Soils: very dense soil containting the smallest grains of all soil types (clay and silt) Granular Soils: medium grain soils that perform very well with water drainage (sand and gravel)

Answer 32

Erosion is the natural process of soil and rock being removed from a site due to wind or water. Over time, excessive erosion can severly weaken the soil of a site cause damage or failure to building foundations.

Answer 33

Trenching: cutting trenches into a site for placement of foundation walls and utility lines. Shoring: used to support beams and floors while a column or wall is removed. Underpinning: proces of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building while work occurs the building on site.

Answer 34

Pile/Caisson foundations are comprised of long piers of wood or concrete embedded in the soil. A site containing silts or clays in the soil may require this foundation type in order to reach bearing soils.

Answer 35

A belled caisson is used when there is a layer of firm strata at the bottom. A deep hole is drilled into the ground and a caisson is lowered into the hole to form a footing at the bottom.

Answer 36

A Friction Pile does not bear on solid soil; instead they transmit their load between the pile and the soil using friction to transfer the load.

Answer 37

Mat foundatios are used when the underlaying strata is weak. It acts as one continuous foundation and is very costly due to the amount of material used. It can be an alternate to driving piles.

Answer 38

Cool Zone - areas of the Northern states Temperate Zone - areas of the West Coast Arid Zone - areas of midwestern and desert states. Tropical Zone - areas of Southern states, particularly near the Gulf

Answer 39

Conductivity refers to a material's ability to absorb light. Grassy areas have low albedo levels and high conductivity. Paved areas have high albedo and low conductivity thus are often warmer than grassy areas.

Answer 40

Cast in place pile is poured into a hole drilled into the site. A driven pile has a pointed tip and is hammered into the site.

Answer 41

Foundation costs typically average about 5% of the total construction costs.

Answer 42

Retention Basin - used to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flooding and erosion. Always contains water with surrounding landscaping. Detention Basin - used as an overflow to manage stormwater runoff when other basins are full. Always dry except during storms.

Answer 43

Silt and Clay= 1,000-4,000psf Compacted sand and fill = 2,000-3,000psf Well graded gravels and sand = 3,000-12,000psf Bedrock = 10,000psf

Answer 44

The safe bearing capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil divided by a safety factor of 2-4 times. This ensures the site will not endure the full ultimate bearing capacity and helps to avoid structural failure.

Answer 45

The soil will likely need to be removed and replaced with an appropriate fill material. Otherwise, foundation piles would need to extend through to soil bedrock or bearing soils.

Answer 46

Test boring will determine the types of soils on a site as well as its relative bearing capacity. The four main types of test borings are: 1. Wash borings (using high pressure water) 2. Auger borings (using drillls) 3. Core borings (to gather layers of soils) 4. Test pits (to see layers of soils)

Answer 47

A spread footing distributes the weight of the building directly to the soil. The size of the footing is determined by dividing the load by the safe bearing capacity.

Answer 48

A spread footing distributes the weight of the building directly to the soil. The size of the footing is determined by dividing the load by the safe bearing capacity.

Answer 49

A percolation test is used to evaluate the rate at which soil will absorb water on a site. This is necessary for septic drainging or leach fields.

Answer 50

The frost line indicates the level where soil freezes. The top of footings should be at or below the frost line, which avoids damage to the foundation due to moisture changes throughout the year.

Answer 51

Either a mat slab or pile/caisson foundation would be necessary for this site as the soils are not adequate to support the building.

Answer 52

A microclimate refers to the general climate of the overall region.

Answer 53

Drawings are usually in some kind of stage of DD whith enough info to illustrate the size and scope of project. Drawings are submited to the local Planning Dept., who will reveiw for compliance with Environmental Regulations, Zoning Codes and local ordinances.

Answer 54

In this phase, we are trying to obtain permission/approval for our project prior to producing construction.

Answer 55

A municipal law in addition to a standard building code.

Answer 56

(1) Check: refers to each 24 sq mile created by the meridians and parallels. Each check is divided into 4x4 squares creating 16 Townships per check (16) Township: 6 miles square and numbered as North or South of the base line and East or West of principal meridian. Townships are divided into 6x6 squares creating 36 sections. (36) Section: 1 sq mile. Each section is divided into quarters. (4) Quarter: 1/4 sq. mile each.

Answer 57

In order to reuse a brownfield, the hazrdous waste and pollution must be removed and cleaned up through a process called _remediation._

Answer 58

Circulation will be centrally located. Spaces used by a majority of people may be placed up front (lobby, reception), while specialized purposes may be put further back (conf. room)

Answer 59

Lead was found to cause permanent neurological brain damage, reproductive problems, and nerve damage. As a result, lead based paints were officially banned in 1978.

Answer 60

Removing hazardous material from the site and property disposing per federal, state, and local guidelines. Encapsulating and permanently sealing the material on the site per federal, state, and local guidelines.

Answer 61

Chemicals from brownfieds can contaminate large swaths of the groundwater. Groundwater contamination is a serious problem and the site should be tested. In addition, remediation can often be expensive, though federal, state or local funding may be available to cover the costs of the cleanup.

Answer 62

1. Arrange windows for cross ventillation 2. Use a "thermal chimney"

Answer 63

Materials used on the exterior of a building must withstand the elements. Durable materials should be selected to extend the useful life of the materials. the local conditions should help determine the appropriate materials.

Answer 64

Using interior materials with low or no VOCs will help maintain the air quality within the building. The materials most susceptible to off gassing VOCs include paint, carpet, adhesives in cabinetry and woodwork and upholstery.

Answer 65

Nearly 20% of all the energy used in your home goes just to your water heater. Wow.

Answer 66

Showers, baths, faucets and laundry require clean water. The soapy water going down the drain is graywater. Named for its grayish cast, graywater accounts for around 60% of the water flowing out of your home.

Answer 67

A sustainably hrvested material is one that is gathered without killing or destroying the original source. Rather than chopping down an entire tree to get the wood, a sustainably harvested material is collected by trimming the plant.

Answer 68

Instead of using sprinklers, a drip irrigation system uses up to 80% less water - by bringing the water directly to the roots where it belongs.

Answer 69

Refers to plants that require very little water to thrive. By planting species that are native to your macroclimate, you can eliminate the need for watering in the first place.

Answer 70

Graywater is considered non-potable. However, it can be used in toilets, irrigation using a drip system, or as a reserve for fire protection.

Answer 71

Rainwater is collected rain. Graywater is collected, filtered, and stored for later use to irrigate the landscape or flush toilets. _The use of both graywater and harvested rainwater are the same, however the source is different._

Answer 72

The specific local conditions of the site. Its affected by the vegetation, elevation, slope, water, wind, solar exposure and any man-made structures.

Answer 73

Location of plants and bodies of water. Amount and location of sun exposure. Prevailing wind patterns. Ground surface coverage.

Answer 74

Measure of the reflectivity of a material. Snow has a high albedo = 1 Grass, asphalt has low albedo = 0

Answer 75

**Site Latitude** - warmer closer to equator **Site Elevation** - affects rain and snow fall, and temps **Prevailing Winds** - winds on a site can impact air temp **Proximity to Water** - stabilize temperature swings **Proximity to Mountains** - cause prevailing winds to rise, which causes them to cool, form clouds, and often release moisture. **Topography** - steep sloping sites can increase wind velocity thus decreasing site temperature

Answer 76

Describes how soils form mounds when loose. Sand and gravel are stiff soils and will have steeper angles o repose as compared to soft silts or clays.

Answer 77

Thermal Expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. Knowin what materials may be more susceptible to thermal expansion will help guide the overall design of the building.

Answer 78

Life cycle analysis is an assessment of the entire environmental impact of a material or product through its entire life. Looks at the impacts caused from exraction, manufacturing, proceessing, trasport, storage, maintenance, and disposal.

Answer 79

South windows get nice direct sunlight in winter

Answer 80

Where did this material come from? What are the by-products of its manufacturer? How is the material delivered and installed? How is the material maintained & operated? How healthy are the materials? What do we do with them once we are done with the materials?

Answer 81

North facing: No treatment needed, ambient light East facing: early sun will be harsh, but provide an opportunity to start warming the building early in the day.

Answer 82

**Above ground** - involves sheet flow, gutters built into roadways and parking areas, ground swales and channels. **Underground** - utilizes perforated drains and enclosed storm sewers that carry the runoff from the site to a municipal storm sewer ystem or to a nature drainage outlet such as a river.

Answer 83

1. Material is appropriately used 2. Material can withstand elements (sun, wind, rain, etc) 3. Maintenance (how often?) 4. How well does the material perform for its intended use and longevity? (Life cycle)

Answer 84

Air rights: the right to use the space above a property can be sold or leased to someone else. both Grand central Station and Madison Square Garden in NY sold their iar rights to taller buildings. Local Zoning ordinances or guidelines from the FAA can be used to enforce air rights.

Answer 85

Mortgage: a contract in which a buyer of a property borrows money from a bank or any other landing institution to purchase the property.

Answer 86

- Handicapped parking stalls must have a 5' access aisle between every two spaces - For van accessible stalls, an 8' wide access aisle is req'd between the spaces - Parking stalls to be 9'x18' min - Number of req'd stalls depends on total number of parking spaces and building type - Stalls to be located near building entrance with minimal need to cross vehicular path of travel

Answer 87

Longitudinal lines running N/S are called Meridians. Lines between are called range lines. Latitudinal lines running E/W are called parallels. Lines between the parallels are called township lines.

Answer 88

A code that describes functional req's that meet a certain standartd, allowing the architect to find ways to meet those standards. the open nature of the code promotes innovation whereas a prescriptive code does not.

Answer 89

A variance is a request to break from some of the req's of zoning (max ht, min setback, etc.) because complying with these req's would create financial hardship or practical construction challenges

Answer 90

- Min req'd for two wheelchairs to pass each other is 60", so public walks should be min. 5' wide. - Walks should have a max gradient of 1:20, and max cross gradient of 1:50 - Ramps should be a min of 3' wide and not exceed 30' in length. At landings a 5' long area should be provided. - All acessible paths of travel which cross into vehicular aisles are req'd to have detectable warning strips (ie truncated domes) - Handrails should be located at each side of ramp if its rise is greater than 6'. A protective curb should be installed on the side where a ramp is above grade

Answer 91

Covenants are written agreements or a promise under seal between two or more parties for the performance of some specific action or restriction. Covenants came into use in large scale residential land dvelopment prior to the advent of zoning. The purpose of a covenant was to protect the aesthetics or amenitites of the properties for the liefe of the deed.

Answer 92

transfers the legal title to a trustee, who holds it as security for a loan between borrower and lender. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the trustee has the power to foreclose on behalf of the beneficiary.

Answer 93

- **Joint easement**: used when two owners access a strip of land between two houses which has a property line running in the center. - **Party wall easement:** - **Condemnation easement**: is an easement for public good. As in the case where req'd for a street, hightway, railroad right of way or for a telephone or electric power line. - **Histroic facade easement**: may be established by a municipality to protect a historically valuable architectural facade in an area where development is occuring.

Answer 94

If a property is needed to complete a public roject, or req'd for the greater god, the owner may be req'd to relinquish his property to the gov't.

Answer 95

value of land may be estimated by deducting the value of the site improvement from the total value of the property (including building).

Answer 96

Over-improvement refers to a preoprty that the cost of improvement exceeds potential revenue or income.

Answer 97

- **Joint tenancy**: two or more people each holding an undivided interest (meaning land is not physically divided into individual pieces, bur rather each owner has a share in the ownership of the whole) - **Partnership**: the land is owned by a group of people. Upon a death of one of the partners, the partnership may be disolved and assets distributed among surviving partners and the estate of the deceased partner. - **Corporation**: legal entity with rights and liability independent of those of its shareholders. If a shareholder dies, his shares pass on to his heirs. - **Trustee**: is a type of ownership taht holds property in the trustees own name for the benefit of another person or group he represents.

Answer 98

- **Fee Simple**: owner has absolute title or ownership, which he can transfer by sale (private homes) - **Condominium**: buyer obtains fee simple ownership for a portion of a structure - **Cooperative**: differs significantly from condo in that the owner does not legally own a specific portion of the physical property. He instead owns a share in a corporation which in turn owns the land and structures. - **Leasehold**: the lessee (person whom the lease is granted) has the right to use a piece of property under certain conditions for a certain time limit - **Sale and leaseback**: an arrangement in which one party sells a property to a buyer and the buyer immediately leases the property back to the seller.

Answer 99

Refers to a property that is not being used to its highest and best use, thus reducing the value of the property.

Answer 100

**Residual method or income approach method**: value can be determined by estimating the potential income from site improvements. **Development method:** value of land may be determined by estimating developmental costs of a parcel and determining sale price of individual lots.

Answer 101

A good zoning code must allow for buildings that may have been permitted or allowed when built, but now no longer comply with the current zoning regulations. This is "non-conforming use". An example would be an industrial factory building built in 1920, but today is in an area marked for residential or commercial oning. Int this case, the factory could be able to continue operation in that location.

Answer 102

If you wish to build or use a building for a purpose not granted in the zoning code, you could apply for a "conditional use" permit This grants you the ability to use the building for you proposed use, even thouh the zoning code normally would not allow it.

Answer 103

A building permit can oly be obtained after ALL agencies have signed off on the project. The owner can obtain the building permit or the general contractor can obtain the building permit and will have to show license and proof of workers compensation insurance.

Answer 104

No drive thru circulation. Force users to backup to exit.

Answer 105

- the paved vehicular right of way (prop line to prop line) slopes from a high point at the center (crown) at 1/8" to 1/2" per foot for positive drainage. - street widths are determined bu the number of traffic lanes, typical land is 11'-12' - typical two lnae highway or arterial street, allowing 9' for shoulders is about 40' - road paving consists of: concrete, asphaltic concrete, gravel, decomposed granite, stabilized soil, and graded compacted earth shaped for drainage. - planting strip to divide lands must be at least 4' wide if ground cover material only is provided and 7' wide if trees are planted

Answer 106

**Radial** - directs flow in or out of a common center, with straight channels of circulation radiatin gfrom this center point **Linear** - connects flow between two points, either along a single line or along a series of parallel lines. **Curvilinear** - responds to the topography of land and follows its natural contours

Answer 107

1. **Local Streets** - provide access to low intensity uses in front of them 2. **Collecto/Distributor Streets** - serve as transitional channels between local access to a neighborhood and arterial channels 3. **Arterial Streets** - or highways are continuous channels that connect with freeways (at the exits) 4. **Freeways** - designed to allow large volumes of traffic to move quickly between, around, or through urban centers

Answer 108

Liquefaction refers to soils that have come loose and act in a liquid state. Earthquakes are often triggers of liquefaction and result in landslides and serious damage.

Answer 109

1. Local Streets 2. Collector/Distributor Streets 3. Arterial Streets 4. Freeways

Answer 110

Landscape design is typically passive and is used for recreation, circulation and comfort.

Answer 111

In architecture, tyle is defined as a set of repeating and identifiable elements in a design.

Answer 112

1. Hot air rises - Placin vents or windows in the correct location helps create cooling breezes 2. High summer sun - Well positioned overhangs can shad the home and keep it cooler in the summer. 3. Low winter sun - Sunlight passes under any overhangs to reach into the home and keep it warm 4. Thermal mass - moderate temp swings 5. Insulation - regulate temp

Answer 113

Grade separations are the most expensive and space consuming intersections. They include: the cloverleaf, the direct left turn interchange and the diamond intersection

Answer 114

Classified according to degree of Fire resistance, determined by the fire zone it is located in and intended use, influences the height, floor area, and materials

Answer 115

A Catchment area refers to a demographic and geographic region and population. A Catchment basin is a drainage basin used to collect water to avoid flooding

Answer 116

1. Assembly 2. Business 3. Educational 4. Factory & Industrial 5. Hazardous 6. Institutional 7. Mercantile 8. Residential 9. Storage 10. Utility & Misc.

Answer 117

A "Catchment area" is a development term that refers to the geographic region an dpopulation from which a facility attracts visitors/customers.

Answer 118

Comparison method or market data approach: comparing a similar nearby parcel of land sold recently. this is the most accurate since it compares to real sales of real properties

Answer 119

A code that specifies specific techniques, materials, and methods allowed for use. Simple to administer, but allows for no innovation.

Answer 120

Ensures streets will have access to light and air.

Answer 121

Penthouses, fan rooms, and skylights are sometimes allowed to exceed height restrictions.

Answer 122

A ratio of the alowable floor area in relation ot the size of the property. An F.A.R. of 2.0 would mean that you are allowed to build twice the lot area.

Answer 123

1. Accessibility compliance 2. Building Code compliance 3. Egress requirements

Answer 124

The Planning Dept. is always the first step in the permit approval process. Building and Safety will not perform a plan check until after Planning has completed their review.

Answer 125

- landforms - vegetation - circulation systems - water features - furnishings and fixtures - decorative elements - subsurface archeology

Answer 126

Nature provides forms that respond perfectly to their function and surroundings. Embracing the natural features of a site help to limit the disturbance of it.

Answer 127

_Urban Legibility:_ refers to how the parts of any city are recognized by your brain and organized into a pattern. This legibility is important since it orients us and helps us find our way. _Imageability_: refers to how well a place is recognized and understandable. Well loved cities such as New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Rome or Paris would be considered highly imaginable given the way people understand and move through them.

Answer 128

New Urbanisim is an approach calling for traditional town planning by combining mixed-use and high density to create livable spaces. Community density should have a mix of building types, including housing, public space, shopping areas and school facilities.

Answer 129

_Urban Legibility:_ refers to how the parts of any city are recognized by your brain and organized into a pattern. This legibility is important since it orients us and helps us find our way. _Imageability_: refers to how well a place is recognized and understandable. Well loved cities such as New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Rome or Paris would be considered highly imaginable given the way people understand and move through them.

Answer 130

Protect local residents from undesirable types of business. Protect the access to direct sunlight and fresh air. Protect the amount of open space for local residents. Ensure incompatible types of building uses do not disturb residents (i.e. putting a loud factory next to a quiet library)

Answer 131

1. Financing (lender to the Owner) 2. Cost of the land 3. Services provided by an architect or engineer

Answer 132

Pre-Planning (proposal phase): Unit Costs i.e. based on costs per student, per hospital bed, per sq ft, per cubic foot of bldg volume. Programming: Unit cost system, cost per sq ft, based on similar building types or functions of spaces. SD: based on the major elements of each building system, i.e. structure, MEP DD: detailed components, can be unit costs for the component (sq ft of curtain wall) CD: unit rates for construction components, assemblie and systems. Unit rates are required for pre-bid estimates, cost checks, and cost breakdown

Answer 133

No, the contractor is ultimately responsible for construction means and methods. The architect can advise the contactor as to any special features that may reequire certain sequencing, but are not responsible for directing such work.

Answer 134

Integrate the design of landscaping with the streets and buildings. Create a complete and comprehensive design. Began movement towards modern city planning.

Answer 135

- Work overtime (costly and inefficient) - Hire more people (learning curve, costly) - Reduce man hours (poor quality in drawings) - Overall, causes higher costs for Design and Construction and lower quality projects

Answer 136

1. A grand public space containing a central landscape feature. 2. A centrally located civic space. 3. Use of boulevards to connect public spaces together. 4. Use of classical elements in the buildings and monuments.

Answer 137

1929 Clarance Perry "Neighborhood Theory" - one neighborhood = one elementary school 1941 Clarance Stein "Neighborhood Unit" - three neighborhoods group to serve one high school - many neighborhoods can be grouped together to form larger communitites

Answer 138

A variance is a request to break from some of the requirements of zoning (maximum height, minimum setbacks, etc.) because complying with these req's would create financial hardship or practical construction challenges. Ex. the local zoning code req's your building to be no more than 30' in height, but your property is on a steeply sloping street and needs additional height to work. In this case, you could apply for a variance to exceed the height limitation. Variance requrests are often overheard by a Zoning Board or Planning Commission.

Answer 139

The first modern zoning code was introduced in New York City in 1916. As the buildings grew taller, the lack of access to sunlight and air threatened the surrounding property values. While earlier covenants and restrictions had been used for residential development, zoning addresses all land development.

Answer 140

This grants you the ability to use the building for your proposed use, even though the zoning code normally would not allow it. This use is tpically granted with certain restrictions and may not be transferable to a new owner.

Answer 141

Building type (residential, comercial, industrial, etc) Allowable buildig heights. Any required setbacks from property lines, rights-of-way, streets and sidewalks.

Answer 142

The shape of a space can provide wayfinding clues. A long narrow hallway provides and axis for site and travel. A circular room has no directional axis, people tend to look upward (Pantheon).

Answer 143

Geodetic: takes into account the spherical shape of the Earth, and describes large land areas with great precision (eliminates distortion). Plane: presents the site as a flat plane. Although technically distorted, this is the method used most often

Answer 144

Temperature: comfort zone ranges between 63˚-71˚ in winter, and 66˚-75˚ in summer. Humidity: comfort zone ranges between 30%-60% relative humidity. Solar Radiation: lack of natural lighting in winter can cause depression. Air Movement: breezes promote evaporation thus maintaining consistent humidity levels Air Pollution: natural weather patterns can magnify the effects of man-made pollution.

Answer 145

More perpendicular sunlight = greater radiation (heat) Passive solar strategies

Answer 146

Debris, trash and pollutants can get swept up with the stormwater and pollute the sewer. This increases stormwater treatment procedures. Flooding is often problematic since most storm sewers become overwhelmed quickly during heavy storms

Answer 147

- Time of Day: how much sun is received on site in the morning compared to the afternoon - Aximuth: the angle between the sun and the horizon. Summer sun has a larger azimuth than Winter sun - Duration of Sun Exposure: sites in the Northern Hemisphere have more hours of sunlight in the summer than in the winter. - Slope of Site: ground slope affects the amount of solar energy the site receives.

Answer 148

- proper slope and drainage of site - desert environment: design to avoid flash flooding - avoid large areas of concrete/impervious surfaces - use of landscape swales to direct water - proper storm drain system to avoid waterway contamination - avoid building in flood prone areas; elevate above the 100yr flood plain and reinforce the foundation

Answer 149

- designate no disturbance zones - replant disturbed areas to other parts of the site - minimize disturbance to natural site water supplies - minimize night site lighting to not disturb fauna - maintain wildlife use corridors throughout the site

Answer 150

Shading the Summer sun, and allowing heat in from the Winter sun.

Answer 151

Leaves fall in the Autumn and expose bare brances through the Winter allowing sun to pass into a building. Deciduous species include maples, elms, oaks, and sycamores.

Answer 152

Conifers are excellent wind breakers as they retain their dense needle filled branches year-round.

Answer 153

Needle like evergreens that do not shed leaves. Perfect when used as year-round wind breakers or privacy screens. Pines, surch as spruce and firs are the most common conifers.

Answer 154

Trees can help screen and direct winds on te site. Trees and vegetation absorb sunlight and add humidity to the air. Planted areas are cooler during hot summer days.

Answer 155

4%-10% is moderate and requires some effor to climb or descend 10%-50% is steep and suitable only for limited activity. \>50% is considered very steep and is subject to soil erosion or collapse.

Answer 156

If the water table is located less than 6' below the surface, it is considered high and will limit foundation design. A mat slab or pile foundation may be necessary in order to evenly distribute the loads of the building on site.

Answer 157

Ecology: the science of the relationship between an organism or community and its environment. The community comprises of all the living plants and animals occupying a given area.

Answer 158

1:12 = 8.3% SLOPE

Answer 159

Especially problematic in cold climates since water expands as it freezes. The wrong type of foundation could crack or settle if water table freezes and pushes upward.

Answer 160

The largest use of land is for residential needs. Designing a well balanced and useful neighborhood benefits the community as a whole. Live, work, education and recreation should all be located within a close proximity to one another.

Answer 161

Gravel: drains well, able to bear loads Sand: drains well, good foundation when graded Silt: stable when dry or damp, not wet. Swells when frozen Clay: plastic when wet, stiff when dry. Must be removed. Organic: contains peat, leaves, grass, etc. Must be removed.

Answer 162

Level A: Topsoil, essential for growth of plants. Takes a long time to develop. Level B: Minerals, lies below the plants roots and supports life Level C: Weathered and fractured rock with little biological activity. Level D: Solid bedrock

Answer 163

_Compaction_: compressing soils to release air trapped between the grains. Creates higher bearing capacity. Creates higher bearing capacity. _Surcharging_: adding soils to a site in order to increase the weight on the soils and aid in compaction. Lengthy process could take 6-12 months.

Answer 164

Cut and fill refers to regrading a sloping site in order to create a level area for a building foundation. If req'd, the amount of cutting should approx. equal the amount of fill.

Answer 165

_Capillary action_: refers to the ability of water to seep into small openings and penetrate into an object. If the foundation comes into contact with the water table, water could penetrate into the building causing further structural and mold related issues.

Answer 166

- presence of soft clay (clay expands when wet & contracts when dry) - fine water-bearing sand or loose silt (sand and silt settle quickly) - presence of underground streams - evidence of slides or sinking earth - areas of recent fills such as garbage dumps - rock formations close to the surface of the ground - presence of swamps or peat

Answer 167

1. Design should ...have integrity, honesty, and wholeness throughout. 2. be expressive of the human spirit 3. be regarded as an opportunity to demonstrate the basic principles of Architecture. 4. should have an encompassing physical design concept. 5. should be a space in which activity, interaction, and accomplishments take place. 6. Should be a physical place or spatial forum that encourages human contact * Architectural space, therefore, facilitates a broad range of human activities; it does not prescribe or limit them.*

Answer 168

1. Admixtures: added to concrete to repel water 2. Bituminous coatings: asphalt or coal-tar pitch materials applied to exterior side of foundation wall 3. Cementitious coatings - portland cement mortar toweled over the surface of foundation walls. 4. Membranes - built-up layers of hot or cold applied asphalt felts. 5. Plastics - generally used for above grade dampproofing.

Answer 169

1. Must have human scale, in both its material parts and its spaces (interior and exterior) 2. utilize the familiar and commonplace building techniques of its locale. 3. Gracefulness in shape and massing 4. Exhibit a degree of exuberance (expression); it is an assertive act 5. Exhibit a priority or hierarchy of parts 6. Offer the human eye a visually rich and interesting field of view. 7. Establish a relationship between interior and exterior spaces

Answer 170

1. Construction Standards of Care (nailing patterns, connections); structural and seismic requirements (shear walls, bolting, lateral forces) 2. Hurricane requirements (impact strength, roof shingle attachement) 3. Accessibility Guidelines (Wheelchair ramps, handrails) 4. Safety (guardrails, stair nosings); Health standards (ventilation, fresh air needs) 5. Sanitation requirements (pipe locations and size, water supply) 6. Assembly (room locations and sizes) 7. Electrical (wiring safety, outlet locations, circuit breakers) 8. Fireplace Requirements (smoke dampers, ventilation reqs, glass doors) 9. Energy Efficiency Reqs (minimum insulation, window sizes, orientation) 10. Water efficiency Reqs (low flow toilets, plumbing flow rates) 11. Egress and exiting Reqs (exit signage, hallway length & width) 12. Fireplace protection (sprinklers, smoke/fire dampers, standpipes)

Answer 171

_Concentric Pattern_: series of rings around central business district. _Sector Pattern_: land usage arranged in pie wedges radiating from center of city. _Multiple Nuclei Pattern_: city composed of several distinct central points.

Answer 172

_South facing_: receive sunlight nearly all day. In hot climates, use overhangs above the windows to block the summer sun from coming in. A 2' overhang will shade the summer sun, but allow the winter sun to come in. _West facing_: receive hot afternoon sun until sunset. The western sun is much lower in the sky, so overhangs will not prevent the heat from entering the building. Using louvers will help control the amout of sun that enters the building.

Answer 173

Design requires an appropriate relationship between the structure and its site. Design needs to respond to site characteristics: form, climate, solar orientation, natural vegetation, and existing structures. The design should be placed in the landscape to be seen; conversely, views of the surrounding landscape should be visible from the building.

Answer 174

1. Identify areas to be protected and determin point of construction access to the site. 2. Perform runoff control to minimize stormwater runoff from the site. 3. Grade the site and remove any required existing features such as landscaping or structures. 4. Stabilize the surface to prep for foundation construction. 5. Pour the foundation and begin building construction. 6. Perform site improvements such as landscaping and paving.

Answer 175

1. Site acquisition (land fees, insurance) 2. Construction costs (site grading, building construction) 3. Professional services (architects, engineers) 4. Inspection & Testing (before and during construction) 5. contingencies (before and during construction)

Answer 176

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity. For a retaining wall, any groundwater behind the wall that is not dissipated by a drainage system causes hydrostatic pressure on the wall.

Answer 177

Furniture, fixtures, and equipment (FF&E) is a term used to describe all the loose items within a building.

Answer 178

Grid System: consists of regularly spaced streets and roads that are perpendicular to each other, forming a grid. - it's regularity, simplicity, and convenience make it appealing. - simplifies subdivision of land for both agricultural and urban use - provides a sense of orientation, so long as it is not used too extensively and contains enough landmarks for wayfinding

Answer 179

1. Parking stalls should be a minimum of 8'-4". (this allows for 20" clearance between cars when centered in lane). 2. Angled parking (40˚ or less) may lead to reduction in stall width. 3. Aisle serving one way circulation is 12' in length 4. _Parking spaces are estimated as 400 sq. ft. per vehicle_, this includes 270 sq. ft. of actual req'd footprint and additional circulation.

Answer 180

Zac answer: perpendicular parking. Most spaces per parking lot. Other: Angled parking at 30 degrees is most economical becasue stall projection is smaller (about 15'6" vs. 18' or 90˚) However, requires greater curb length and triangular space at end is wasted.

Answer 181

1. Align roads to natural topography of site 2. Parking lanes are 8' wide for parallel parking, and 16'-20' wide for perpendicular or angled parking. 3. Streets with heavier traffic are designed with a 6" curb and gutter.

Answer 182

A person standing still requires only 3 sq. ft.

Answer 183

1. Handicap stalls must be located near building entrances and designed to allow unimpeded movement 2. Accessible stalls require a 5' clear aisle for a standard stall, and 8' clear for van accessible parking 3. Quantity of stalls is defined by the building code and is generally a ratio of the overall parking. ( 1 accessible for 25 standard).

Answer 184

## Footnote Land use depends on its potential role in the catchment area: it's _location, topography, and cost._ Additional factors contributing to land value are: access to the land, zoning, utilities & adjacent uses.

Answer 185

## Footnote It's monotonous, boring, and not diverse. (unofficial answer)

Answer 186

_Zoning_: uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, safety, and welfare of people. Regulates the used of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories in residential areas), undesireable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers (hazardous chemicals in public areas).