PPP Flashcards
PASS THE TEST
1
Q
A
2
Q
WHAT AER THE TYPES OF AIA CONTRACTS (A,B,C,D,G) BY SERIES?
A
- A Series: Owner + GC Agreement
- B Series: Owner + Architect Agreement
- C Series: Architect + Consultant Agreement (joint venture)
- D Series: Industry Standards Docs
- G Series: Contract & Office Admin Forms
3
Q
SCHEDULING VARIES WITH EACH PROJECT, BUT GENERALLY SPEAKING, WHAT TIMELINE APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING PHASES:
- SD
- DD
- CD
- Bid/Negotiation
- CA
- Contingencies
A
- SD: 1-2 months
- DD: 2-6 months
- CD: 3-7 months
- Bid/Neg: 3-6 weeks (contractors: 2 weeks to bid)
- CA: Varies
- Contingencies: 25-50% of length of project
4
Q
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A FAST TRACK SCHEDULE?
A
- Construction documents are issued in phases and construction begins while design in still being finished.
- Req’s coordination between architects, contractors, and construction managers
- Req’s staged bidding which can result in multiple contractors
- Can reduce projec time by 10-30%
5
Q
WHAT IS THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD?
A
All events expected to occur, and operations to be performed and completed, in a given process are rendered in a form according to place in project schedule, and expected duration.
The resultant CPM defines which events determine whether or not the entire project stays on schedule
- The diagram is called a Network Diagram
- Circles are start and finishes, arrows are tasks, numbers show the time for each task to occur
- Critical Path: the path with the longest req’d time from start to finish is the basis for the schedule. Activities on this path are called Critical Activities.
- Float: range of time during which non critical actiities can start/end without affecting the overall schedule
- Total Float: individual float times added together. Does not influence the CP time
6
Q
WHAT IS A GANTT/BAR CHART?
A
A chart that illustrates start to finish dates of a project broken out by activity.
- Focus primarily on schedule mgmt rather than the size of the project or the relative size of the work elements/activities
- Can’t show the relationship between activities
7
Q
WHAT ARE (4) RISKS OF SHORTENING PROJECT SCHEDULE?
A
- Requires people to work overtime (costly/inefficient)
- Requireds the need to hire more people (learning curve to project and office standards)
- If rushed, drawings can turn out poor, uncoordinated, etc.
- Generally causes higher costs for design and construction for a lower quality project
8
Q
EXTENDING THE SCHEDULE BRINGS ON TWO MAJOR RISKS…
A
- Material cost inflation
- Personnel change (learning curve)
Also cost of money to be considered.
9
Q
WHAT ARE FOUR THINGS THAT INFLUENCE PROJECT SCHEDULES?
A
- Size
- Complexity
- Number of workers
- Client action/reaction time (and to an extent, municipal review time)
10
Q
WHAT ARE THE BREAKDOWN % FOR THE FOLLOWING ARCHITECTURAL PHASES?
- SD
- DD
- CD
- Bid/Negotiation
- Construction Admin
A
- SD: 15%
- DD: 15%
- CD: 35%
- Bid/Negotiation: 5%
- CA: 30%
Note* Project Closeout is sometimes broken out to approx 2-5%
11
Q
DESCRIBE PROJECT CALENDAR DAYS…
A
number of working days, x5 or x7
12
Q
THE APPROPRIATE TYPE OF COST ESTIMATING FOR A BUILDING DEPENDS ON THE PHASE OF THE PROJECT IT’S DEVELOPED TO. WHAT ARE THE FOLLOWING ESTIMATES BASED ON?
- Pre-planning/Proposal
- Programming
- SD
- DD
- CD
A
- Pre-planning/Proposal: based on unit costs (cost per person, cost per bed, cost per sq. ft., etc)
- Programming: based on unit costs system (cost/sq ft) based on similar building typeds and/or functions of space
- SD: based on the major elements of each building system (mechanical, electrical, plumbing, structure)
- DD: based on detailed components (curtain walls, storefronts, lay-in ceilings, etc.)
- CD: based on unit rates for construction, assemblies, and systems. this estimate is waht pre-bid checks and cost breakdowns are based on
13
Q
TRUE/FALSE
AN ARCHITECT’S ESTIMATES SHOULD ACCOUNT FOR INFLATION, MARKET CONDITIONS, AND CONTRACTOR MEANS AND METHODS…
A
FALSE
14
Q
FACT: Cost Projection Goals
- Complete the project within the financial limits set by owner
Provide an appropriate use of resources/value for the money within the budget
Optimize longer-term life cyclee costs by examining alternatives that offer the best balance between upfront costs and maintenance costs
Provide the owner with relative implications to the budget based on owner decisions throughout the project duration
A
15
Q
COST PROJECTIONS FOR A PROJECT ARE BASED ON WHAT FOUR FACTORS?
A
- Cost Factors: what influences the project
- Project Scope: what’s included in the building
- Quality: How nice the building will be (construction, technologies, finishes)
- Budget: how much the owner can spend
16
Q
FACT: It is normal practice to anticipate construction cost escalation on the basis of an annual increase projected to the midpoint of construction.
A
17
Q
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF A PROJECT BUDGET (8)?
A
- Site Acquisition
- Off site construction/Utility
- On site construction
- Building construction
- Professional services
- Inspection and Testing
- Financing
18
Q
FACT: Construction Cost is the total amount of $$ to build a project. 85% of that is the Construction Budget, 15%-40% is for contractor overhead and profit, and and additinal 15% is added for surveys, soil testing, fees, and FF&E.
A
19
Q
WHAT ARE THE TRADITIONAL CONTRACTOR FEE PERCENTAGES FOR:
- GENERAL OVERHEAD
- PROJECT OVERHEAD
- PROFIT
A
Contractor Fees:
- General Overhead: 8-10% of firm value
- Project Overhead: 4-10% of construction cost
- Profit: 15-20% small jobs, 10-15% large jobs, 5-10% very large jobs
20
Q
WHAT ARE THE TRADITIONAL DESIGN FEE PERCENTAGES FOR THE FOLLOWING PROFESSIONS:
- ARCHITECTURE
- MECHANICAL
- ELECTRICAL
- CIVIL
- STRUCTURAL
A
- Architecture: 10% of construction cost
- Mechanical: 15%
- Electrical: 12.5%
- Civil: 10.5%
- Structural: 9.5%
21
Q
WHAT PERCENT CONTINGENCY SHOULD BE ADDED TO COMPLEX OR REMODEL JOBS?
A
5-10% contingency should be added for unforseeables
22
Q
DESCRIBE A UNIT PRICE CONTRACT…
A
a contract based on the acceptance and incorporation of unit price quotes for the various portions of the project
23
Q
DESCRIBE THE HOURLY BILLING RATE FEE STRUCTURE…
A
project is biled at standard rates for every hour worked. Often this is to a “not to exceed” value
24
Q
DESCRIBE THE PROFESSIONAL FEE PLUS EXPENSES FEE STRUCTURE…
A
Professional services are separated from the identified costs (reimbursables, consultants, etc.)
25
WHAT IS DPE?
Multiple of _Direct Personnel Expense_: fringe benefits are included in direct salary/wages. That expense is multiplied by a factor to cover overhead and profit
26
WHAT IS DSE?
Multiple of _Direct Salary Expense_: everyone's direct salary/wages multiplied by a factor to cover fringe benefits (e.g. employee health insurance, overhead, and profit)
27
THERE ARE MULTIPLE METHODS (7) OF CALCULATING ARCHITECTURAL FEES, NAME THEM...
* DSE (Multiple of Direct Salary Expense
* DPE (Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense)
* Professional Fee + Expenses (Time + Expense)
* Hourly Billing Rate
* Stipulated/Lump Sum
* Percentage of the cost of work
* Unit Price Contract
28
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A GENERAL OBLIGATION BOND AND A REVENUE BOND?
A General obligation bond is used to finance non-revenue collecting facilities (roads, bridges, parks, etc)
A Revenue bond is used to finance facilities that collect revenue (tolls, etc)
29
IN THE FINANCIAL SENSE, DEFINE DEPRECIATION
a federal tax benefit with the idea that a building loses value as it ages
30
DEFINE THE TERM "COST OF MONEY"...
principal and interest payments owed from borrowing money
31
WHAT IS A PRO-FORMA?
a financial analysis of a building project, helps define the cost/return on a property or project investment
32
WHAT IS VALUE ENGINEERING?
the process used to get the best value for the project using similar, but more affordable materials and techniques.
33
WHAT IS A UTILIZATION RATIO?
A ratio used by firms to determine the amount of time spent on billable work as a percentage of total time the employee is compensated.
UR = billable hours/total hours
34
AN ITEMIZED BREAKDOWN IS REQ'D FOR WHAT KIND OF COST ESTIMATE?
Detailed Cost Estimate
35
WHAT ARE PRELIMINARY COSTS ESTIMATES BASED ON?
Sq. Ft. cost estimates, based on occupancy, size and type of construction
36
WHAT IS A JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENT?
A contractual union between two or more firms for one or more specific projects.
_Characteristics:_
* Enables firms to combine key resources while allowing each participating firm to pursure other projects
* Essentially a partnership
* Retains no, and pays no income taxes...it passes profits, losses, and tax liabilities to its participating members
* Participating firms are individually and jointly liable ot the client for the services offered by the joint venture
* Typicaly formed only for the purpose of seeking a specific project. e.g. an international firm joins with a local firm to complete a project
37
WHAT IS A MULTIPLE PRIME AGREEMENT?
A design professional holds an agreement directly with the owner r their project manager. The owner may:
* Provide overall coordination of multiple prime design professionals including the architect, through in-house staff
* Assign coordination to a project/program manager
* Allocate coordination to one of the design professionals...maybe the architect
38
WHAT IS AN ARCHITECT/CONSULTANT AGREEMENT?
...WHO ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR A MISTAKE?
* In this agreement, the Architect assumes primary contractual reponsibility to the owner for the accuracy and completeness of the work of the architect's consultants
* Agreement should parallel owner-architect agreement
39
FACTS: ABOUT ARCHITECT/CONSULTANT RELATIONSHIP...
* Architect's coordination reponsibilities should be limited to coordinating services with consultants or other design professionals hired by owner
* _All_ design professionals should be contractually obligated to coordinate their services with those of the architect, regardless of who they have a contract with
* The Architect should _never_ assume reponsibility for internal coordination of any other design professional's work
40
WHAT ARE THE KEY PROFESSIONAL DELIVERY METHODS BETWEEN OWNERS AND ARCHITECTS
with consultants, Multiple Prime, and Joint Venture
41
WHAT IS UNBUNDLING?
When an owner structures their own project teams, lead by a third party project manager
42
NAME FIVE CHARATERISTICS OF A HEATHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
* _Daylight_: Ample daylight and proper ventilation lead to greater satisfaction, more comfort and increased productivity
* _Fresh Air_: Supply fresh outdor air, use passive ventilation or "Mixed-mode" systems in larger buildings that supply a mix of fresh/mechanical air
* _Views_: Offer natural light and views to the outdoors with windows, skylights, light shelves, and the use of light colors
* _Temperature_: Control temperature and humidity with passive and mechanical technologies that are individually controlled buy occupants
* _Low Humidity_: prevent moisture build up
43
NAME FIVE CHARATERISTICS OF A HEATHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
* _Daylight_: Ample daylight and proper ventilation lead to greater satisfaction, more comfort and increased productivity
* _Fresh Air_: Supply fresh outdor air, use passive ventilation or "Mixed-mode" systems in larger buildings that supply a mix of fresh/mechanical air
* _Views_: Offer natural light and views to the outdoors with windows, skylights, light shelves, and the use of light colors
* _Temperature_: Control temperature and humidity with passive and mechanical technologies that are individually controlled buy occupants
* _Low Humidity_: prevent moisture build up
44
DESIGN IN CORRECT CLIMATE
NAME BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS THAT SHOULD BE INCORPORATED IN A _COLD_ CLIMATE...
* Orient buildings/openings for maximum protection from cold winds
* Use small windows/compact shapes to minimize heat loss
* Use South facing windows to maximize solar gain
45
DESIGN IN CORRECT CLIMATE
NAME BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS THAT SHOULD BE INCORPORATED IN A _TEMPERATE_ CLIMATE...
* Maximize solar gain in the winter, minimize in summer
* Maximize summer breezes, minimize in winter
* Take advantage of daylighting opportunities
46
DESIGN IN CORRECT CLIMATE
NAME BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS THAT SHOULD BE INCORPORATED IN A _HOT & HUMID_ CLIMATE...
* Minimize sun exposure
* Maximize natural ventilation
* Use lightweight construction to minimize radiation of heat
* Space buildings far apart for breezes
47
DESIGN IN CORRECT CLIMATE
NAME BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS THAT SHOULD BE INCORPORATED IN A _HOT & DRY_ CLIMATE...
* Minimize sun exposure and effects of wind.
* Use small windows
* Optimize thermal mass for large temperature swings
* Closely cluster buildings for the shade they offer each other
48
FACT: HEAT LOSS IN GLASS IS ABOUT 20x THAT OF AN INSULATED WALL.
49
HOW MUCH TIME DO NORTH AMERICANS SPEND INDOORS?
90% :(
50
IN THE US, ABOUT HOW MANY SQ FT OF BUILDING AREA WILL BE CONSTRUCTED/REMODELED BY 2035?
300 Billion
51
WHAT IS THERMAL INERTIA?
The ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release it slowly at night.
AKA heat sink.
52
HOW DOES THE U-FACTOR DIFFER FROM THE R-VALUE OF A MATERIAL?
* U-factor is a measure of heat transmission, it considers both conduction and radiation, and used for building assemblies (windows = glass + frame components).
* Low U-value has slow heat loss or gain (brick wall)
* High U-factor has a rapid heat loss or gain (metal)
* R-value is the measure of thermal resistance in a homogenous component (insulation). Used to define level of insulation.
53
HOW DOES THE U-FACTOR DIFFER FROM THE R-VALUE OF A MATERIAL?
* U-factor is a measure of heat transmission, it considers both conduction and radiation, and used for building assemblies (windows = glass + frame components).
* Low U-value has slow heat loss or gain (brick wall)
* High U-factor has a rapid heat loss or gain (metal)
54
WHAT IS ORGANIC FEEDSTOCK?
Something organic (wood fiber, paper, cotton, etc.) that mold can use as an energy soure. Mold cannot eat inorganic materials like concrete, brick, or gypsum (but it loves the paper on drywall)
55
WHAT IS LIFE CYCLE COSTING?
It provides a tool for determining long-term costs for the total building
56
DEFINE BUILDING COMMISSIONING FOR BUILDING SYSTEMS...
The process of ensuring that systems are designed, installed, and functionally tested for effective operation/maintenance for an owner's operational needs.
57
WHAT IS BIOPHILIA?
The connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life.
58
FACT: WHEN DETERMINING FORM, DEFINE STRUCTURE AND SYSTEMS (EXPOSED OR HIDDEN), AND PURSUE HONEST TECHTONIC FORM (MATERIALS DO WHAT THEY SHOULD, NOT MIMIC OTHERS)
59
A BUILDING'S SCALE, PROPORTION, HARMONY, AND HIERARCHY SHOULD BE DEFINED AS IT COMPARES TO THE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Human Body
60
TRUE OR FALSE:
IT IS IMPORTANT TO ADDRESS SURROUNDING TRADITIONAL FORMS (DOMES, SPIRES, ROOF TYPES, ELEVATION PATTERNS) WHEN DESIGNING A BUILDING.
True.
61
IN DETERMINING FORM, AN ARCHITECT SHOULD DEFINE THE RELATIONSHIP BALANCE BETWEEN...
Building and Site
* A bold site with subtle building or visa versa
* Take cues from surrouding site/nature and blend together (shakkei/borrowed scenery) or use to dictate form (roof pitches mimic pitch of mountains)
62
IT'S IMPORTANT TO ADDRESS BUILDING ORGANIZATIONAL _FACTORS._
NAME THREE...
* _Site_: Soil conditions, topography, water, sun angles, wind, noise
* _Movement Patterns_: pedestrian and vehicular access and circulation, distribution of utilities (centralized or stacked for more efficiency)
* _Patterns of Growth_: flexible for future use
63
IT'S IMPORTANT TO ADDRESS BUILDING ORGANIZATIONAL _VALUES._
NAME FIVE...
1. _Behavioral Interests_: desired spaces to perform tasks
2. _Circulation_: Ease of movement around site and building
3. _Health_: reduce stressors (noise, crowding, sun glare, sick building syndrome)
4. _Adaptability_: allow for future changes, modifications, and flexibility
5. _Cost_: use regulr forms, plans, and compact arrangements
64
FACT: ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS ARE DETERMINED BY SITE CONDITIONS AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
65
WHAT IS THE TYP BUILDING EFFICIENCY FOR A DEPARTMENT STORE?
80%
66
WHAT IS THE TYP BUILDING EFFICIENCY FOR A JAIL/PRISON OR OFFICE?
75%
67
WHAT IS THE TYP BUILDING EFFICIENCY FOR A BANK, AUDITORIUM, OR RESTAURANT?
70%
68
WHAT IS THE TYP BUILDING EFFICIENCY FOR A CLASSROOM, ADMIN, OR APARTMENT?
65%
69
WHAT IS THE TYP BUILDING EFFICIENCY FOR A COLLEGE, STUDENT UNION, COURT HOUSE, OR RETAIL STORE?
60%
70
WHAT IS THE TYP BUILDING EFFICIENCY FOR A HOSPITAL?
55%
71
NAME FOUR DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF PARKING...
* Most efficient layouts are 90˚ perpendicular spaces, which allow for the max. amount of spaces and two way traffic
* Cheapest parking to build is an outdoor lot, then parking structure, then underground parking
72
NAME FOUR DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF HOSPITALS...
* Highly specialized and complex building type
* Standard single patient rooms are 150 sq ft and double rooms are 200 sq ft (they share bathroom + lavatory)
* Nurse stations should monitor 25-35 beds and be centrally located
73
NAME FOUR DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF THEATERS...
* Stage dimensions, seating and site lines vary with theater type and performance
* Types of stages include _Proscenium_ (most common, audience in front of stage, _Theater in the Round_ (audience on all sides), and _Thrust Stage_ audience on three sides
* Optimum depth of seating is 4-5x the stage width
* Maintain a 30˚ viewing angle from the front row to the stage
74
NAME FOUR DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF CHURCHES...
* Form is determined by ritual, standards, and history. (e.g. cathedral vs. mosque)
* Address sight lines, acoustics, procession, seating, existing congregation size and projected growth
* Historical (pre-ecumenical) organization was axial while contemporary organization is more rectangular/circular allowing for intimacy and unity
75
NAME FOUR DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF SCHOOLS...
* Seperate noisy spaces (gym, cafeteria, commons) from quite spaces (classrooms)
* Designed to mimic surrounding neighborhood character
* Address visibility, acoustics, temperature, human scale (kid sized vs. teacher sized), comfort, stimulation, and security
* Design for teaching type (private classrooms, team teaching, open plan, etc.)
* Standard classrooms = 800 sq ft - 1,000 sq ft
76
NAME FOUR DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF HOTELS...
* Seperate public and private spaces from service areas/ back of house
* Service spaces should be available on each floor
* Unit of measure is the bed size, rooms should be sized accordingly (e.g. a room with a king bed should be proportianllay larger than one with a full bed)
* Typical US room size = 12'-6" x 20'-0"
77
URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF A SHEET PATTERN?
Extensive urban area without a focal point, routes, or forms (aka sprawl)
78
URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF A MULTIPLE NUCLEI PATTERN?
Several sub centers connected to each other
* _Finger Plan_: Development occurs along transportation routes
* _Cluster Plan_: varying center of activities
* _Satellite Plan_: similar to cluster, but with a distinct center (old city center)
79
URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF A CONCENTRIC PATTERN?
* A business center in the core with concentric rings outward. Rings blend into one another
Original Business Center \> Old housing/factories \> circa 1900's suburbs \> post WWII suburbs (low density sprawl)
80
URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF A GRID PATTERN?
* _Flexible, compact, and standardized_ layout of blocks used for complex distribution of uses. Can be boring without points of focus. Used in most U.S. cities.
81
URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF A RADIAL PATTERN?
* A center core where elements have a common origin or destination. It's somewhat inflexible, but compact and allows for _maximum interaction_.
82
URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF AN AXIAL PATTERN?
* Like Linear Pattern (arranged in a line connected by a transportation spine), but in two directions
83
URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:
WHAT IS A MEGALOPOLIS?
An extensive linear arrangement of cities.
84
URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF A LINEAR PATTERN?
* Arranged in a line connected by a transportation spine (used when major circulation occurs between two points)
* Lacks a focus or center and can be congested
* Typically not used when limited by the availablity of land
85
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STATIC AND A DYNAMIC FORM?
_Static Form_: parts are equal in sie and located around a reference axis.
_Dynamic form_: parts are unequal in size and tend to have visual movement or direction.
86
WHAT IS SYMMETRY?
Balanced arrangements, typically in reference to formal design.
87
WHAT IS RHYTHM?
It's the regular occurance of elements in time or space.
88
WHAT IS THE GOLDEN SECTION?
It's a Renaissance concept where a whole is divided so that the smaller part has the same relationship to the larger part, as the larger part has to the whole.
As a math equation: (a+b)/a = a/b
89
DEFINE PROPORTION...
The relationship between parts that provides a harmonious order.
90
WHAT IS A SHAKKEI?
Japanese term for "borrowed scenery". It refers to incorporating background landscape into the composition of a garden. Deffering the design focus to the natural environment rather than the built.
91
WHAT IS A LOOP ROAD?
A collector/distributor road into a shopping center
In Minneapolis, highways 94/394/694
92
WHAT ARE CARDO AND DECUMANUS?
...WHERE DO THE TERMS ORIGINATE FROM?
The two major streets in a Roman town.
Cardo: N/S street, usually was main street
DECUMANUS: E/W street, perpendicular to Cardo
Intersection of Cardo Maximus and Decumanus Maximus was main interesection in town/village. e.g. Pompeii (image)
93
WHAT ARE FOUR METHODS TO CONTAIN/MINIMIZE EXPOSURE TO LEAD DURING REMOVAL?
* If disturbing more than 6 sq ft of lead paint in homes, child care facilities, or a school built before 1978, the work must be done by contractors certified by the EPA.
* Contain work area
* Minimize dust
* Clean up thoroughly
94
WHAT ARE FIVE METHODS TO CONTAIN/MINIMIZE EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS FIBERS DURING REMOVAL?
* Wet Methods
* HEPA Vacuuming
* Area Isolation
* Use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
* Avoid sawing, sanding and drilling
Note: Loose asbestos is referred to as "Friable"
95
KNOW THE EFFECTS LEAD EXPOSURE HAS TO BOTH CHILDREN AND ADULTS.
_Children_: Damage to brain/nervous system, behavioral and learning problems (hyperactivity), slowed growth, hearing problems, headaches
_Adults_: Reproductive issues, high blood pressure, nerve disorders, memory/concentration problems, muscle and joint pain
96
KNOW THE EFFECTS LEAD EXPOSURE HAS TO BOTH CHILDREN AND ADULTS.
_Children_: Damage to brain/nervous system, behavioral and learning problems (hyperactivity), slowed growth, hearing problems, headaches
_Adults_: Reproductive issues, high blood pressure, nerve disorders, memory/concentration problems, muscle and joint pain
97
WHAT IS ASBESTOSIS?
Non-cancerous, chronic respiratory disease caused by accumulation of asbestos fibers in the lungs
98
ASBESTOSIS, LUNG/STOMACH/COLON CANCER, AND MESOTHELIOMA ARE ALL HEALTH HAZARDS KNOWN TO EXIST FROM EXPOSURE TO \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ASBESTOS.
\*NOTE: Most serious of all diseases from exposure to asbestos is mesothelioma (cancer of the chest and abdomen lining)
99
FACT: Laboratory analysis is the only way of positively identifying asbestos.
100
WHAT YEAR DID THE EPA BAN SPRAY APPLIED ASBESTOS?
1973
101
WHAT WAS ASBESTOS ORIGINALLY USED FOR?
Spray fireproofing, sound proofing, pipe insulation, floor/ceiling tiles, mastic, etc.
102
WHAT ARE THE THREE COMMON TYPES OF AESBESTOS FOUND IN BUILDINGS?
1. _Chrysotile_: white asbestos, accounds for about 95% of aesbestos found
2. _Amosite_: brown asbestos
3. _Crocidolite_: blue asbestos
103
WHAT IS OSHA?
_OSHA_ (Occupational Safety and Health Administration): designed to protect workers who handle hazardous materials, and enforces safe work conditions and practices.
104
WHAT IS AHERA?
_AHERA_ (Asbetos Hazards Emergency Response Act): an EPA regulation that handles asbestos found in K-12 schools and requires that all facilities be inspected to determine the presence and amount of aesbestos.
105
WHAT IS NESHAP?
_NESHAP_ (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants) is an EPA regulation that dictates requirement ACM (Asbestos Containing Material) removal before remodel/demo in order to prevent significant asbestos release into the air.
106
WHAT IS ASBESTOS PEL?
PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) is the standard set for number of asbestos fibers a worker can be exposed to.
107
WHAT IS ASBESTOS?
Naturally occuring mineral found throughout the world.
108
FACT: Every person lives in two social worlds, the primary and secondary.
_Primary_ includes social interactions that shape a person. Family and Friends are in this category.
_Secondary_ includes more specialized, less intimate interactions where a person finds their place in society.
Work friends and Hobby groups are in this cluster.
109
WHAT ARE THE FOUR ZONES OF PERSONAL SPACE?
1. Intimate Space: 1'-6" radius
2. Personal Space: 4'-0" radius
3. Social Space: 12'-0" radius
4. Public Space: 25'-0" radius
110
WHO COINED THE CONCEPT OF PERSONAL SPACE?
Edward Hall.
Defined as: the area around a person that they consider psychologically to be "theirs". AKA personal bubble
111
WHAT ARE THE FOUR KEY FACTORS OF OSCAR NEWMAN'S DEFENSIBLE SPACE?
1. _Territoriality_: one's home is sacred
2. _Natural Survaillance_: residents' ability to monitor the neighborhood
3. _Image_: physical design that instills a sense of security
4. _Milieu/Environment_: surrounding amenities that affect security (proximity to police,city center,drugs, etc.)
112
WHO COINED THE CONCEPT OF DEFENSIBLE SPACE?
Oscar Newman. In residential communities (typically low income) crime can be controlled not by force, but by environmental design and a sense of ownership instilled in residents.
Key factors: Territoriality, Natural Surveillance, Image, Milieu/Environment
113
DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING HOUSING PATTERNS:
* STREET FRONT PATTERN
* END ON PATTERN
* COURT PATTERN
* CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
* PUD (Planned Urban Development)
* _Street Front Pattern_: linear with houses lining the street
* _End on Pattern_: rows of units on small streets at 90˚ angle to street
* _Court Pattern_: units face a common open space (court)
* _Cluster Development_: dwellings are clustered, open space is common
* _PUD_ (Planned Urban Development): large developments used to reintroduce diversity to a neighborhood. Similar to Cluster Development, though often phased
114
KNOW THE TYPES OF HOUSING...
* Detached Single Family
* Duplex
* Row Houses
* Walk-up apartments
* High Rise
115
FACT: Lower densities have high utility rates and are dependant on the automobile
116
FACT: Lower densities have high utility rates and are dependant on the automobile
117
WHAT IS THE DENSITY REQUIRED FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION TO BE EFFICIENT?
30 people/acre (1 person/1,452 sq ft)
This is a high density for American suburbs, but typical in European towns
118
DEFINE SOCIOFUGAL.
...WHAT IS THE ANTONYM?
Grouping of people arranged in a way that each can have privacy from others.
Antonym: _Sociopetal_: arranged to see/interact with others
119
DEFINE TERRITORIALITY...
A behavioral system where a person/group lays claim to an area and defends it
120
WHAT IS PROXEMICS?
the study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction
121
WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY THE STUDY OF?
Statistical study of human populations
122
WHAT IS A CENSUS?
...WHAT YEAR DID IT BEGIN?
A systematic record taking of members of a population. Began in 1790 and occurs every 10 years.
123
WHAT IS A BEHAVIOR SETTING?
A space with definable boundaries and objects where typical pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time.
(Tossing scarf during nat'l anthem at Jeld-Wen field during Timbers match)
124
FACT: Uniform ecosystems (all rural or all urban) tend to be unstable. Need harmony between natural and human activities.
125
WALLS CLOSE TO A NOISE SOURCE REDUCE ____ FREQUENCY.
## Footnote
High frequency.
Walls midway between source and ear do nothing.
126
TYPICALLY, DOUBLING THE DISTANCE BETWEEN SOURCE AND EAR REDUCES SOUND LEVEL BY ___ DECIBELS.
## Footnote
6 Decibels.
On freeways, doubling the distance only reduces the noise by 3 decibels
127
WHAT ARE THE NUMERICAL DECIBEL RANGES FOR THE FOLLOWING SOUND CATEGORIES?
* SLEEPING, STUDYING, WHISPERING
* CONVERSATION, COMFORT
* SAFETY THRESHOLD
* ROCK BAND!
* Sleeping, Studying, Whispering : 30 Decibels
* Conversation, comfort : 50-60 Decibels
* Safety Threshold : 85 Decibels
* ROCK BAND! : 90-100 Decibels
\*Note: each increase of 10 decibels the human ear perceives as 10x as loud.
128
FACT: The smallest ∆ between two sounds the human ear can detect is 1 decibel.
## Footnote
129
IF WIND VELOCITY DOUBLES, AIR PRESSURE \_\_\_\_\_\_.
## Footnote
Quadruples.
Air pressure varies as the square of the wind velocity.
130
WHAT ARE THE NUMERICAL VALUES OF THE INDOOR WIND SPEED CATEGORIES:
* UNNOTICEABLE
* PLEASANT
* PLEASANT AND NOTICEABLE
* DRAFTY
* UNCOMFORTABLE
* Unnoticeable: \<50 feet/min
* Pleasant: 50-100 feet/min
* Pleasant AND noticeable: 100-200 feet/min
* Drafty: 200-300 feet/min
* Uncomfortable: +300 feet/min
131
WHAT IS THE TOLERABLE RANGE FOR HUMIDITY?
## Footnote
30% - 60% Relative Humidity
+75% is uncomfortable
132
WHAT IS THE TYP. HUMAN COMFORT ZONE IN SUMMER?
...WINTER?
## Footnote
Summer Comfort Zone: 66˚F - 75˚F
Winter Comfort Zone: 63˚F - 71 ˚F
133
WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM?
## Footnote
An environmnet of living organisms and non-living components
134
WHAT IS ECOLOGY THE STUDY OF?
## Footnote
The relationship between a group of organisms and their environment
135
WHAT IS CLIMATE?
## Footnote
The composite of weather conditions (described in data or quantifiable units) including temp, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind and rainfall.
Also includes microclimate conditions such as topography, ground cover, water and elevation.
136
DESCRIBE THE AIR POLLUTION TEMPERATURE INVERSION PHENOMENON...
## Footnote
A phenomenon where the air temperature at ground level is lower than higher elevations causing the heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants
137
FACT: First mortgages take priority over second.
138
WHAT ARE THE FIVE TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT LOANS?
1. _Blanket Loan_: used by developers to purchase land they intend to subdivide and resell. When its sold, the lot is released from the loan, and debt is repaid as part of the selling price.
2. _Bridge Loan_: quickly granted loan used to close on a property/start construction while waiting for the official (long term) loan to be approved.
3. _Mezzanine Loan_: used by developers, varying rates of interest are paid (starts low and gets really high % at end). Is considered a gamble, the stock in the company is collateral (instead of property) if revenue isn't produced
4. _Conventional Mortgage_: brrow money at a fixed or adjustable interest rate, when it's payed off, borrower has clear title to what was purchased
5. _Deed of Trust_: Title is held by trustee, foreclosure can happen under power of sale
\*Note: A Mortgage and a Deed of Trust are not loans themselves, rather liens on a property used to secure bank loans.
139
WHAT ARE THE FIVE TYPES OF OWNERSHIP?
1. _Fee Simple_: most common formof real estate title in which the owner has "absolute ownership" (taxes, easements, deed/covenant restrictions apply)
2. _Condo_: Sole ownership of property, and shared ownership of common elements (hallways, lobbies, meeting rooms, pools, etc.)
3. _Co-Op_: ownership of stock in corporation that owns the property
4. _Leasehold_: aka rental agreement, a person owns a temporary right to land or property for a determined period of time. Sometimes subletting is allowed.
5. _Sale and Leaseback_: owner sells property and then leases it back long-term at a fixed rate, in order to raise money by offloading a property to someone who wants to make a long term investment. Typically done for tax purposes.
140
NAME THE THREE TYPES OF ASSESSMENTS...
1. Income Approach: used by appraisers to value properties that earn income (offices, warehouses, apartments, malls) using reliable financial data. Uses recent sales of similar income properties in a given market.
2. Market Approach: Used to determine the true underlying value of a property based on the estimated amount for which a property would trade in a competitive auction setting.
3. Cost Approach: used to determine the value of the property by estimating the land value and the depreciated value of any improvements. Typically applied to special used buildings (e.g. Marinas)
141
WHAT IS A PARTY WALL AGREEMENT?
An agreement on if and how to carry out building work on a wall that is shared by two people who each own their respective property.
Typically whoever originally builds first "owns" the party wall.
142
WHAT IS A RIGHT OF WAY?
Allows people to cross land of another (pathways/cattle drives)
143
WHAT IS AN EASEMENT?
right to use part of a site without ownership (typically used for utilities)
144
WHAT IS A CONDITIONAL COVENANT?
If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revert back to original owners/heirs.
145
WHAT IS AN AFFIRMATIVE COVENANT?
Commits a buyer to performing duties in the future.
e.g. will make payments for association fees in a condo
146
WHAT ARE RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS?
Limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials), pet conditions, or storage related.
Helps preserve the look of a neighborhood.
147
WHAT ARE DEED RESTRICTIONS?
Owners place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what the land would be used for and can't be changed by future owners.
148
WHAT IS EMINENT DOMAIN?
The power of the state to take private property without the owners concent, but with fair market value of the land compensation.
Must be used for gov't or public development (highways/roads), economic development, or to mandate an easement for access.
149
WHAT IS AMORTIZATION?
Accounting foran amount over a period of time.
(eg, mortgage)
150
WHAT IS AD VALOREM TAX?
Tax based on the value of the peroperty.
Latin for "According to Value)
151
WHAT IS DEBT SERVICE?
An additional, long term cost to the owner to pay off the construction loan for a project. Typically not included in the original project cost.
152
WHAT IS A DEVELOPER IMPACT FEE?
A fee paid by developers, set by the city to connect/update utilities to a given area.
Developers migrate toward areas with the lowest fees.
153
WHAT IS A GENERAL OBLIGATION BOND?
Used to fund a civic project (library, police/fire station, etc) and require voter approval.
All taxpayers in jurisdiction help pay off bond through property tax.
154
WHAT IS TAX INCREMENT FINANCING?
Method cities use to issue bonds for civic improvements (sewer/streets) with the intention of stimulating growth in an area.
- Before development, taxes are based on pre-improved land value
- After development, taxes are raised to reflect new improvements. The ∆ is what covers the cost of the bond.
155
WHAT IS A BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT?
Used to fund public space improvements (new streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area's appeal.
-All business owners in the district who would benefit, would fund it through a tax increase
156
WHAT IS AN ASSESSMENT?
An _Assessment_ is a valuation of property for the purposes of taxes.
157
WHAT TWO PARTIES ENTER A CONTRACT UPON SELECTION OF THE FF&E SUPPLIER?
The Owner and Supplier enter into their own contract.
Shop drawings are to be sent to/approved by architect. Architect helps establish installation schedule and arrances for punch list.
158
HOW LONG DOES A TYPICAL BID PACKAGE TAKE TO ASSEMBLE FOR A MID SIZED PROJECT?
...LARGE SIZED?
* A mid sized project bid package typically takes 2 weeks to assemble (approx. 20,000 sq ft)
* A large sized project typically takes 3 weeks ( approx. 100+ work stations)
159
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF FF&E SPECIFICATIONS?
* _Proprietary_: aka closed spec, does not allow for substitution and typically used to control aesthetics, function, and quality. Architect identifies name, model number, finish type, and submittal requirememnt.
* _Descriptive_: aka open spec, used in competitive bidding. Does not give same degree of control as proprietary. Architect describes characteristics, materials, workmanship, and gives list of mfg's.
* _Performance_: used with vendors who purpose products they think will meet requirements. Architect describes only desired results. No mfg's or characteristics given.
160
FURNITURE SELECTIONS ARE MADE BASED ON...
* _Function_ - what the client needs
* _Durability_ - how long it should last
* _Aesthetics_ - what will enhance the design
* _Budget_ - how much the client can afford
* _Style_ - what size/scale/proportion is appropriate for the space
161
NAME THE 8 STEPS IN THE FF&E PROCESS...
1. Evaluate Client's Needs
2. Prepare a Cost Estimate
3. Select Furniture
4. Prepare Specifications
1. Proprietary (Closed) Spec - no substitutions
2. Descriptive (Open) Spec - includes list of comparable manufacturers
3. Performance Spec - describe only req'd results. no characteristics or manufacturers given.
5. Assemble Bid Package
6. Administer Contract
7. Oversee Ordering Phase (funiture acquisition process task)
8. Oversee Tracking/Scheduling Phase
162
WHAT ARE FIVE REASONS FOR FF&E SERVICES?
1. New space becomes furnished (usable)
2. Replace or upgrade existing FF&E
3. Refurbish existing furniture
4. Expedite FF&E procurement, ie get this on time for a fast tracked project
5. Simplify FF&E procurement. FF&E bid assembled from multiple sources with one point of contact
163
FACT: Appropriate furniture reinforces
the design concept of a building.
164
THE BUDGET FOR FF&E IS TYPICALLY ABOUT 3-4 TIMES THE COST OF _________ FEES.
Interior Design Fees
165
WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?
_Ergonomics_ is an applied science concerned with designing equipment/furniture to maximize productivity by reducing fatigue and discomfort.
166
WHAT IS FF&E?
FF&E (Fixtures, Furniture & Equipment) refers to a wide assortment of products that are prefabricated or custom.
Examples:
* System furniture
* Artwork
* Accessories
* Custom Lighting
* Signage
* Planters
* A/V equipment
167
WHAT ARE THE BLOCKING AND STACKING DIAGRAMS USED FOR?
_Blocking Diagrams_ are for assigning departments to a defined area on a floor based on its desired adjacency and support requirements.
_Stacking Diagrams_ are for assigning floors/areas of floors to departments based on its desired adjacency and support requirements.
168
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF PLANNING DIAGRAMS?
1. Matrix Chart: numerical values of required relationships (1 = adjacent, 2 = no relationship, 3 = seperate) are assigned to each program space with regard to the others
2. Bubble Diagram: before space planning, create a loose diagram of circles that indicates req'd adjacencies, priorities or relationships, and relative sizes.
3. Block Diagram: more accurate (but still preliminary) layout of spatial organization based on bubble diagram. Relative sizes will be more accurate.
169
SPACE PLANNING, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO ESTIMATE PLANNING NEEDS?
Determine total area by calculatin gthe amount of space and time required for each use.
Create Planning diagrams and Blocking & Stacking diagrams
170
_SPACE PLANNING HIERARCHY_
WHAT IS A SPACE UNIT?
Each individual space within a center
Ex. Medical Campus \> Acute Care Hospital \> Surgery Dept \> Pre-Op Suite
171
_SPACE PLANNING HIERARCHY_
WHAT IS AN ACTIVITY CENTER?
Spaces related to each other by function
172
_SPACE PLANNING HIERARCHY_
WHAT IS A COMPONENT BUILDING?
An individual building in the complex, group or masterplan
173
FACT: Penthouses, fan rooms, and skylights are sometimes allowed to exceed height restrictions.
174
WHICH FACE OF THE WALL IS THE GROSS AREA TAKEN FROM?
Exterior face of wall
175
WHICH FACE OF THE WALL IS THE NET AREA TAKEN FROM?
Inside face of wall
176
HOW IS THE FAR CALCULATED?
FAR (Floor Area Ratio) = Gross Bldg Area/Site Area
177
HOW IS BUILDING EFFICIENCY CALCULATED (sq ft)?
Building Efficiency = Net Area/Gross Area
178
WHAT IS GROSS AREA?
_Gross Area_ = Net Area + Circulation
FACTS:
1. Include covered area which is enclosed by 2+ sides whether attached or detached to the main dwelling unit.
2. Include any covered area on/below the first or main floor when the average height of the four corners is \>6' above natural grade at the exterior
3. Include decks, patios, other usable opern areas that are enclosed on 3+ sides. (includes 2 walls and a solid roof)
4. Double the sq. ft. of any interior space with a ceiling height at or above 15'. Exclude stairwells with no habitable space above/below
5. Include any attic of at least 150 sq. ft. and with a ceiling height \> 7'-6"
179
WHAT IS ASSIGNABLE AREA?
_Assignable Area_ isthe amount of area needed for uses in sq. ft. Used for gross area calculations.
180
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A ROOM DATA SHEET?
_Room Data Sheets_ list all the relationship requirements in a given room. (eg. diffent rooms of a hospital) and include layout, equipment, activity zones, lighting, temperature, and comfort requirements.
181
HOW WAS A FATHOM ORIGINALLY MEASURED?
A Fathom is measured by spreading your arms.
Today, it is standardized at 6'-0".
182
WHAT IS ANTHROPOMORPHIC?
_Anthropomorphic_: relating to human characteristics
183
WHAT IS VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE?
Vernacular/Indigenous Architecture is architecture specific to a time or place.
184
FACT: PROCESS FOR BUILDING PRESERVATION
1. Define factors affecting the scop of work. Will it be preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, or reconstruction?
2. Compete Preliminary Analysis/Predesign & Research. Get a prelim cost estimate.
3. Complete the Design Phase. Lots of coordiation with professionals to ensure integrity of building is preserved
4. Complete Document Phase. Determination of historic eligibility for review boards may be required.
185
WHAT DOES ADAPTIVE REUSE/LAND CONSERVATION REDUCE?
_Adaptive Reuse/Land Conservation_ reduces the amount of sprawl in the outlying city.
It is often associated with _Gentrification_ (the shift in an urban community to wealthier residents and/or businesses ultimately increasing property values.)
186
WHAT ARE THE FOUR TREATMENTS APPLIED TO HISTORICAL STRUCTURES?
(most historically accurate to least)...
1. _Preservation_: least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible.
2. _Rehabilitation_: retain and repair historic materials, but some replacemet of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey hitorical values.
3. _Restoration_: remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with the restoration period.
4. _Reconstruction_: new construction to look like how the building existed at an earlier time
187
WHAT IS THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR'S STANDARDS USED FOR?
Used to determine which preservation method should be used. Not used to prescribe a method.
* Allows for new additions/alterations to be different from older structure, but must be complementary in massing, size, scale, and architectural features.
* Criteria must be met if Federal Tax Credits will be used
* Takes precedence over state/local regulations
* Clients may discover historical significance during site analysis. Archaeological activity and proper handling of structures/artifacts must take place.
188
SAY THIS OUT LOUD 10 TIMES:
"Preservation, Rehabilitation, Restoration, Reconstruction"
Good job.
189
WHAT IS PRESERVATION?
_Preservation_ is the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity and materials of a historic property.
190
WHAT IS ADAPTIVE REUSE?
_Adaptive Reuse_ is the process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features.
191
WHAT IS MOTHBALLING?
_Mothballing_ is a term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract.
192
FACT: WATER CONTROL BEST PRACTICES...
1. Connect new onsite drainage to natural drainage
2. Design surface water runoff based on worst case storm scenario
3. Prevent erosion by using channels, gutters, swales, and xerioscaping
193
WHAT IS A FRICTION PILE?
A Friction Pile is driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between the pile and soil. Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strenght of the pile of the soil.
194
WHAT IS A END BEARING PILE?
End Bearing Piles, at 2-3 times the cost of spread footings are expensive $$$. They are driven until drill tip meets firm resistance from strata.
195
WHAT IS A SOCKETED CAISSON?
A Socketed Caisson is like a Belled Caisson, but the hole is drilled deep into the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end bearing and frictional forces.
196
WHAT IS A BELLED CAISSON?
A Belled Caisson is constructed by drilling holes to firm strata and filling with concrete. They're basically really, really deep spread footings.
197
WHAT IS A MAT FOUNDATION?
A Mat Foundation is very expensive $$$. Typically only used when the strata is weak, and it acts as one continuous foundation.
198
WHAT ARE THE TYPICAL BORING SPACINGS/LOCATIONS FOR A WAREHOUSE, A LARGE STRUCTURE, AND UNIFORM SITE CONDITIONS?
WAREHOUSE: borings in each corner, and one in the middle
LARGE STRUCTURE: 50' spacing
UNIFORM CONDITIONS: 100'-500' spacing
199
NAME AND DEFINE THE BEARING CAPACITIES OF THE FOUR MAIN SOIL TYPES...
1. SILT/CLAY = 1,000-4,000 psi
2. COMPACTED SAND/FILL = 2,000-3,000 psi
3. WELL GRADED GRAVEL/SAND = 3,000-12,000 psi
4. BEDROCK = 10,000 psi
200
FACT: Best pracitice is to balance cut/fill on site
201
WHAT SHOULD I DO?
SCENARIO: UNDERGROUND STREAMS DISCOVERED ON SITE...
Avoid, and be cautious of siting of structure
202
WHAT SHOULD I DO?
SCENARIO: SOIL IS SOFT CLAY, WATERBEARING SAND OR SILT...
Construct deeper foundations or drive piles, remove poor soil
203
WHAT SHOULD I DO?
SCENARIO: ROCK AT/NEAR SURFACE OF SITE...
Use explosives to reduce manual labor
204
WHAT SHOULD I DO?
SCENARIO: WATER FOUND WITHIN 6'-0" OF LAND SURFACE...
Pump out excavation, waterproof basement, resist hydrostatic pressure (continuous drain pip installed at foundation)
205
WHAT TYPES OF SOIL ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOIL LEVELS A, B, C, and D?
A LEVEL: Topsoil (organic/mineral material)
B LEVEL: Minerals
C LEVEL: Partially weathered/fractured rock
D LEVEL: Bedrock
206
CLAY: WHAT ARE ITS DRAINAGE QUALITIES AND USABILITY?
CLAY: must be removed. Too stiff when dry, too plastic when wet
207
SILT: WHAT ARE ITS DRAINAGE QUALITIES AND USABILITY?
SILT: stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet
208
SAND: WHAT ARE ITS DRAINAGE QUALITIES AND USABILITY?
SAND: drains well, can serve as foundation when graded
209
GRAVEL: WHAT ARE ITS DRAINAGE QUALITIES AND USABILITY?
GRAVEL: Drains well, able to bear loads (+2mm)
210
NAME AND DEFINE THE FOUR METHODS
FOR DETERMINING LAND VALUE...
1. COMPARISON METHOD: compare to other similar parcels (comps). Is the most accurate if current data is available.
2. DEVELOPMENT METHOD: when comps aren't available, use estimates to determine the selling price of lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price.
3. RESIDUAL/INCOME METHOD: used in highly developed areas by estimating potential income from improvements that yield the highest return
4. ALLOCATION METHOD: used to determine value of improvedproperties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of the land
211
CONSTRUCTION SLOPE PERCENTAGE:
WAHT IS REQ'D SLOPE FOR A STORM DRAIN?
0.3% MIN
212
NAME THE EIGHT BASIC CATEGORIES OF _LAND_ USE?
1. Open/Conservation
2. Natural Resources
3. Agricultural
4. Residential
5. Commercial
6. Institutional
7. Industrial
8. Government
213
HOW IS LAND VALUE CALCULATED?
_LAND VALUE_ is calculated by the relation to the use that yields the highest returen for the site.
There are four methods of determining land value, comparison method, development method, residual/income method, allocation method.
214
WHAT ARE THE THREE WAYS A SURVEY CAN BE DOCUMENTED FOR AN EXISTING BUILDING?
## Footnote
FIELD MEASURING: taken by hand
LASER SCANNING: remotely measure existing spaces (quick)
PHOTOGRAMMETRY: establish control points an dhand survey to get base coordinate system (takes much longer than laser scanning)
215
WHAT'S THE DIFF?
GEODETIC vs. PLANE SURVEY
## Footnote
_GEODETIC SURVEY_: precise, follows sperical shape of the earth. Used for extremely large plots of land
_PLANE SURVEY_: more common, assumes flat plane of the earth. Typically includes:
Aerial Photography
Cities
Construction (includes markers)
Hydrographic (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.)
Land (a description of the site)
Topography (elevations, slopes)
Routes (roads and utility lines)
216
NAME AND DEFINE THE THREE TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS.
## Footnote
_PRELIMINARY:_ basic for preparation of architectural drawings
_CONSTRUCTION_: precise condition of site and adjacent structures, bench marks
_POSESSION_: records completed development
217
HOW AND WHY DO CONSTRUCTION PRICES DIFFER IN URBAN, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL AREAS?
## Footnote
_URBAN_: Highest cost for development (due to labor rates)
_SUBURBAN_: lowest cost for development, still connected to urban areas
_RURAL_: variable cost based on access and existing transportation
218
FACT: Summer breezes are good (courtyards/porches). Block winter winds.
219
FACT: Midway on a hill is best.
(top is too windy, fog/cold air settles in valley)
220
FACT: Choose a South facing site (use overhangs or deciduous trees to block sumer sun)
221
CONSTRUCTION SLOPE PERCENTAGES. WHAT ARE THE REQ'D SLOPES FOR:
* Storm Drains?
* Sanitary Sewers?
* Street Surface drainage?
* Large Pavers?
* Lawns?
* Planted Banks?
* Paking Lot?
* Automobile Ramps?
* Sidewalks?
* Streets/Paved Driveways?
* Storm Drains = 0.3% min
* Sanitary Sewers = 0.4% - 1.4%
* Street Surface Drainage = 0.5% min
* Large Pavers = 1% min
* Lawns = 25% max
* Planted Banks = 50% max
* Parking Lot = 5% max
* Auto Ramps = 8% max
* Sidewalks = 10% max
* Streets/Paved Drives = 10% max
222
CONSTRUCTION SLOPE PERCENTAGES. WHAT ARE THE REQ'D SLOPES FOR:
* Storm Drains?
* Sanitary Sewers?
* Street Surface drainage?
* Large Pavers?
* Lawns?
* Planted Banks?
* Paking Lot?
* Automobile Ramps?
* Sidewalks?
* Streets/Paved Driveways?
* Storm Drains = 0.3% min
* Sanitary Sewers = 0.4% - 1.4%
* Street Surface Drainage = 0.5% min
* Large Pavers = 1% min
* Lawns = 25% max
* Planted Banks = 50% max
* Parking Lot = 5% max
* Auto Ramps = 8% max
* Sidewalks = 10% max
* Streets/Paved Drives = 10% max
223
WHAT PERCENT RANGE IS CONSIDERED
A VERY STEEP SLOPE, SUBJECT TO EROSION?
\> 50%
224
WHAT PERCENT RANGE IS CONSIDERED
STEEP/UNUSABLE SLOPE?
10-50%
225
WHAT PERCENT RANGE IS CONSIDERED
MODERATE SLOPE?
4-10%
226
WHAT PERCENT SLOPE IS CONSIDERED
FLAT/GOOD FOR ALL ACTIVITIES?
\< 4%
227
IN THE 1780s, THE US DIVIDED UNSURVEYED LAND INTO A GRID SYSTEM. NAME THE FOUR DIVISIONS...
## Footnote
_Check_: 24mi on a side, 1 check = 16 townships
_Township_: 6mi per side, 1 Township = 36 Sections
_Section_: 1 mi per side, 1 Section = 640 acres
_Quarter Section_: 1/2 mi per side
228
HOW MANY SQ. FT. IN AN ACRE?
43,560 SQ. FT.
229
HOW MANY SQ. FT. IN AN ACRE?
43,560 SQ. FT.
230
NAME THE DAYS OF THE YEAR WHEN THE SUN IS AT IT'S LOWEST...AND IT'S PEAK
_SUMMER SOLSTICE_: most hours of sun, peak angle
_WINTER SOLSTICE_: fewest hours of sun, low angle
_VERNAL/AUTUMNAL EQUINOX_: equal hours of day/night
231
WHAT IS A microCLIMATE?
microCLIMATE is based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude.
232
WHAT IS A MACROCLIMATE?
... name three ...
MACROCLIMATE is based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces temperature extremes.
- Islands/Costal: constant & moderate tems
- Arid/Desert: low humidity & greater temp variation
- Mountainous: winds are forced to rise
233
WHAT IS THE ALBEDO OF AN ALL BLACK SURFACE?
ALBEDO is the measure of radiant energy is reflected by a surface. Rate is listed as a fraction.
0 = BLACK
1 = MIRROR
White is somewhere toward 1.0
234
WHAT ARE RIPARIAN RIGHTS?
...WHO DO THEY AFFECT?
_RIPARIAN RIGHTS:_ a system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property (includes bottomland, beach, and upland, but not he water itself.) Owners can use water adjacent to their property, but can't infringe upon the rights of others to use the water.
"Nobody owns the water, it's God's water."
-SPR TRPRS
235
WHAT IS THE DIFF BETWEEN A _DETENTION POND_ AND A _RETENTION POND_?
_DETENTION POND_: is a low lying area that is designated to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less flood control for flash floods.
_RETENTION POND_: is designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually te pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location of the water level rises above capacity.
236
WHAT IS A SWALE?
An elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is noramlly without flowing water (Bio-swale)
237
WHAT IS A SWAMP?
Wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry-land protrusions.
238
HOW IS A HILL SHOWN ON A
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY?
Concentric circles with elevations getting higher toward the center. (Opposite for Depression)
239
HOW CAN YOU SPOT A SWALE/VALLEY
ON A SURVEY?
Contours point "up" toward the higher elevation
240
TOPOGRAPHY:
WHAT ARE CONTOUR INTERVALS?
Change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps typically have a larger interval for clarity.
241
SURVEY:
WHAT ARE METES-AND-BOUNDS?
They are the verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached
242
SURVEY:
DEFINE PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN
Meridian (N/S line that follows longitude of earth) that serves as the basis for the N/S grid layout of the US Survey
243
SURVEY:
DEFINE STANDARD PARALLELS
Parallels between the baselines in the US Survey
244
SURVEY:
DEFINE BASELINE
Parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the E/W layout of the US Survey system
245
WHAT DOES THE PROCTOR COMPATION TEST MEASURE?
The Proctor Compaction Test is a geotechnical test used to determine the max. practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates.
246
WHAT ARE RESIDENTIAL CATCHMENT AREAS DETERMINED BY?
Local Transit Systems
247
WHAT IS A CATCHMENT AREA?
AKA market, trade, or tributary area:
Geographic area rom which the participants in an activity are drawin. It grows and shrinks with activity.
248
NAME AND DEFINE THE 5 STEPS OF THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS...
1. _ESTABLISH GOALS_: what are owner's goals
2. _GATHER DATA_: organize site, context, user/occupancy, equipment, codes, budget, expenses, projcect specific information
3. _FIND RELATIONSHIPS_: bubble diagram(not a solution)
4. _ESTABLISH PRIORITITES_: eg, what is more important- a fancy lobby or new lab equip?
5. _STATE THE PROBLEM_: what needs to be answered by the design
249
FACT: Address current issues,
but also be conscious of future growth.
(Will there be an addition in 10 yrs?)
250
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PROGRAMMING AND DESIGN?
∆ is:
## Footnote
_Programming_ finds the problems, parts, and data
_Design_ solves the problem.
251
PROGRAMMING IS COMPRISED OF FOUR COMPONENTS. NAME THEM...
4 COMPONENTS:
1. FUNCTION: the objectives and needs
2. FORM: site, structure, eisting components
3. ECONOMY: budget to build and maintain/operate
4. TIME: schedule needed to complete the work
252
WHAT ARE THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR
A FACILITIES PROGRAM?
Program that considers:
1. Scope
2. Area minimums and adjacencies
3. Ballpark costs
4. Site Analysis
253
WHAT IS A
FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM?
...WHO PROVIDES IT?
Owner provided data for analysis/creation of a FACILITIES PROGRAM
254
WHAT IS A DESIGN CONCEPT?
Gives a physical design solution for a problem.
255
WHAT IS A
PROGRAMMING STATEMENT?
States the problem.
No solution or strategy given.
