Sound Change/Phonological Change Flashcards
assimilation
one sound becomes more similar to another due to the influence of a neighbouring sound
partial vs total/complete
regressive/anticipatory (sound before cause) vs progressive/perseverative (cause before sound)
local/contact vs long-distance/distant
dissimilation
sounds become less similar to one another
partial vs total/complete
regressive/anticipatory vs progressive/perseverative
local/contact vs long-distance/distant
lenition/weakening
resulting sound after change is conceived of as somehow weaker in articulation
- stop > fricative
- CC > C
- C > glide
- voiceless > voiced
occurs to consonants in intervocalic/postvocalic positions
degemination/shortening
two identical consonants reduced to a single occurrence
ocurence
spirantization
oral stop > fricative
deaffrication
affricate > fricative
voicing
esp. in intervocalic/postvocalic position
debuccalization
consonant loses oral constriction
fortition/strengthening
eg fricative/approximant > stop/affricate
prominent positions (word-initial, stressed syllable onset)
deletion
loss of a segment
syncope
word-medial vowel deletion
syncpe
apocope
word-final vowel deletion
apocop
epenthesis/insertion
insertion of sound
hepenthesis
excrescence/emergent stops
type of epenthesis; new stop btw other consonants
excrescenTce
coalescence/fusion
sequence of two things merging into one
lengthening vs shortening
consonants: gemination vs degemination
compensatory lengthening: lengthening of C when nearby segment is lost
rhotacism
s/z > r
metathesis
reordering of a pair of segments
metasethis
local vs longdistance
haplology
whole-syllable deletion/coalsecence in sequence of two identical/similar syllables
haplogy
diphthongization vs monophthongization
diph: original single vowel changes into a sequence of two vowel segments which occupy one single syllable
mono: a former diphthong changes into a single vowel
vowel raising vs lowering
low vowels change to mid or high; mid change to high
or reverse
nasalization
vowels become nasalized in the environment of nasal consonants
could use for b > m
palatalization
outcome often not palatal, but postalveolar
affrication
oral stop > affricate
often happens in palatalization
devoicing
common in word-final, or next to voiceless C
origins of sound change (4)
- misalignment of articulatory gestures
- low-level phonetic effects (eg coarticulation)
- tonogenesis (
- listener-based theory / misperception (hypocorrective and hypercorrective change)
tonogenesis
phonological tone contrasts develop out of laryngeal contrasts in nearby consonants
- voiced C –> lower F0
- voiceless C –> higher F0
conditioned sound change
occurs in particular environment
unconditioned sound change
occurs in all environments/positions
How is relative chronology determined
interactions with other changes
regular vs sporadic change
regular: recur generally, occur uniformly in specific environments
sporadic: do not apply throughout the language
regularity principle/hypothesis
all sound change applies in a regular/systematic/exceptionless manner
phonemic sound change
adds or deletes from the number of phonemes, or one phoneme changes into another
non-phonemic sound change
does not alter total number of phonemes or change one into another
categories of phonemic change (3)
merger
split (secondary split)
conditioned merger (primary split)
merger/phonemic merger
formerly distinct phonemes /A/ vs /B/ become identical
neutralization of contrast
split/phonemic split
sounds [A] vs [B] go from being allophones of one phoneme to contrastive /A/ vs /B/
conditioned merger
one allophone of phoneme /A/ merges with phoneme /B/
chain shift
push chain: change moves into articulatory space of another sound to move away from the encroaching one to maintain distinctions, thereby encroaching on a different sound
drag chain/pull chain: change may create a hole in the phonemic pattern, which is followed by another chage which fills the hole by pulling some sound from elsewhere and changing it to fit symmetry/naturalness
