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Linguistics > Sound Change/Phonological Change > Flashcards

Sound Change/Phonological Change Flashcards

1
Q

assimilation

A

one sound becomes more similar to another due to the influence of a neighbouring sound

partial vs total/complete
regressive/anticipatory (sound before cause) vs progressive/perseverative (cause before sound)
local/contact vs long-distance/distant

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2
Q

dissimilation

A

sounds become less similar to one another

partial vs total/complete
regressive/anticipatory vs progressive/perseverative
local/contact vs long-distance/distant

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3
Q

lenition/weakening

A

resulting sound after change is conceived of as somehow weaker in articulation
- stop > fricative
- CC > C
- C > glide
- voiceless > voiced
occurs to consonants in intervocalic/postvocalic positions

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4
Q

degemination/shortening

A

two identical consonants reduced to a single occurrence

ocurence

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5
Q

spirantization

A

oral stop > fricative

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6
Q

deaffrication

A

affricate > fricative

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7
Q

voicing

A

esp. in intervocalic/postvocalic position

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8
Q

debuccalization

A

consonant loses oral constriction

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9
Q

fortition/strengthening

A

eg fricative/approximant > stop/affricate

prominent positions (word-initial, stressed syllable onset)

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10
Q

deletion

A

loss of a segment

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11
Q

syncope

A

word-medial vowel deletion
syncpe

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12
Q

apocope

A

word-final vowel deletion
apocop

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13
Q

epenthesis/insertion

A

insertion of sound

hepenthesis

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14
Q

excrescence/emergent stops

A

type of epenthesis; new stop btw other consonants

excrescenTce

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15
Q

coalescence/fusion

A

sequence of two things merging into one

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16
Q

lengthening vs shortening

A

consonants: gemination vs degemination
compensatory lengthening: lengthening of C when nearby segment is lost

17
Q

rhotacism

A

s/z > r

18
Q

metathesis

A

reordering of a pair of segments

metasethis

local vs longdistance

19
Q

haplology

A

whole-syllable deletion/coalsecence in sequence of two identical/similar syllables

haplogy

20
Q

diphthongization vs monophthongization

A

diph: original single vowel changes into a sequence of two vowel segments which occupy one single syllable

mono: a former diphthong changes into a single vowel

21
Q

vowel raising vs lowering

A

low vowels change to mid or high; mid change to high
or reverse

22
Q

nasalization

A

vowels become nasalized in the environment of nasal consonants
could use for b > m

23
Q

palatalization

A

outcome often not palatal, but postalveolar

24
Q

affrication

A

oral stop > affricate

often happens in palatalization

25
Q

devoicing

A

common in word-final, or next to voiceless C

26
Q

origins of sound change (4)

A
  • misalignment of articulatory gestures
  • low-level phonetic effects (eg coarticulation)
  • tonogenesis (
  • listener-based theory / misperception (hypocorrective and hypercorrective change)
27
Q

tonogenesis

A

phonological tone contrasts develop out of laryngeal contrasts in nearby consonants
- voiced C –> lower F0
- voiceless C –> higher F0

28
Q

conditioned sound change

A

occurs in particular environment

29
Q

unconditioned sound change

A

occurs in all environments/positions

30
Q

How is relative chronology determined

A

interactions with other changes

31
Q

regular vs sporadic change

A

regular: recur generally, occur uniformly in specific environments

sporadic: do not apply throughout the language

32
Q

regularity principle/hypothesis

A

all sound change applies in a regular/systematic/exceptionless manner

33
Q

phonemic sound change

A

adds or deletes from the number of phonemes, or one phoneme changes into another

34
Q

non-phonemic sound change

A

does not alter total number of phonemes or change one into another

35
Q

categories of phonemic change (3)

A

merger
split (secondary split)
conditioned merger (primary split)

36
Q

merger/phonemic merger

A

formerly distinct phonemes /A/ vs /B/ become identical

neutralization of contrast

37
Q

split/phonemic split

A

sounds [A] vs [B] go from being allophones of one phoneme to contrastive /A/ vs /B/

38
Q

conditioned merger

A

one allophone of phoneme /A/ merges with phoneme /B/

39
Q

chain shift

A

push chain: change moves into articulatory space of another sound to move away from the encroaching one to maintain distinctions, thereby encroaching on a different sound

drag chain/pull chain: change may create a hole in the phonemic pattern, which is followed by another chage which fills the hole by pulling some sound from elsewhere and changing it to fit symmetry/naturalness

Linguistics (6 decks)

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