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philosophy > Soul, Mind and Body > Flashcards

Soul, Mind and Body Flashcards

1
Q

dualism

A

humans are made up of the soul and the body

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2
Q

what are the non-material elements?

A

soul, spirit or mind

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3
Q

Plato

A

the world of the forms

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4
Q

which world is the real world

A

the world of the forms

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5
Q

facts about the world of the forms

A

+ its immortal
+ its perfect
- imprisoned in the body

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6
Q

what has Plato’s world of the forms been influenced by?

A

Christian teachings

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7
Q

what is Plato’s example?

A

the charioteer

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8
Q

what does the Charioteer and the two horses symbolise in Plato’s example?

A

Charioteer: Reason
Horse: Physical Desires
Horse: Emotions

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9
Q

Plato’s argument for dualism - knowledge

A

The soul has a prior knowledge from the world of the forms and remembers the concepts and ideas from there.
remembering is simply requiring knowledge from there

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10
Q

Plato’s argument for dualism - Opposites

A

The body and soul are opposites

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11
Q

Aristotle

A

said that the soul and body are separate but when the body dies, the soul dies too

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12
Q

what does the soul do?

A

it gives the form, shape and characteristics of an object

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13
Q

can the body and soul be separated?

A

no

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14
Q

Aristotle’s examples

A

the axe

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15
Q

the axe

A

if you separate the blade and the handle, it effects the axe’s ability to cut up wood

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16
Q

what faculties does a human soul have

A 
nutrition
perception
desire
locomotion
intellect
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17
Q

what faculties does a plant soul have

A

nutrition

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18
Q

were does a human soul come on the hierarchy of souls

A

at the top

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19
Q

where does a plant soul come on the hierarchy of souls

A

at the bottom

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20
Q

substance dualism

A

that the body and the soul are two completely different elements

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21
Q

who is the main supporter of substance dualism

A

Descartes

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22
Q

what did Descartes originally want to know?

A

if there was any piece of knowledge that was beyond doubt

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23
Q

why can’t there be a piece of knowledge beyond doubt?

A

because things such as our senses can be deceived

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24
Q

what is the body

A

spiritual but not conscious

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25
Q

what is the soul

A

non-spiritual and is conscious

26
Q

why did Descartes believe the body and the soul were separate?

A

if you loose your arm or leg, it doesn’t mean that you loose a part of your mind/soul/spirit too

27
Q

does Descartes believe that the body and the soul interact with each other?

A

yes

28
Q

How does the body and the mind interact?

A

through the Pineal Gland

29
Q

what is the seat of imagination and common sense in the body?

A

the Pineal Gland

30
Q

Who criticised Descartes and Substance Dualism?

A

Gilbert Ryle
Peter Geach
G.E.M. Anscombe

31
Q

what did Ryle call Descartes model

A

“The Ghost in the Machine”

32
Q

Ryle’s three examples

A

A Foreigner touring Oxford
A boy watching a military parade
A foreigner watching a game of cricket

33
Q

A Foreigner touring Oxford

A

A Foreigner touring Oxford sees all the library and all the grounds and then asks where the university is

34
Q

A boy watching a military parade

A

A boy watching a military parade sees all the platoons, squadrons,

35
Q

A foreigner watching a game of cricket

A

A foreigner watching a game of cricket sees the wicket, fielder, bowlers and then asks “where is the team spirit?”

36
Q

what was Descartes error?

A

Descartes has made the error that everything can be categorised when it can’t

37
Q

who else does Peter Geach criticise apart from Descartes

A

Plato

38
Q

what does Geach say?

A

“man is a sort of body, not a body plus and an immaterial somewhat; for man is an animal with one kind of living body”

39
Q

Richard Dawkins

A

life is simply bytes of digital information contained within DNA

40
Q

what will future science be able to do in Dawkins mind?

A

explain consciousness in purely material/physical terms

41
Q

soul one

A

non-material life force
being killed off by science
based off an ancient idea to explain consciousness

42
Q

soul two

A

the intellect
an inherit part of being human
will one day be explained by science

43
Q

Dawkins quote

A

“we are all of us but self-reproducing robots? we have been put together by our genes and what we do is roam the world looking for a way to sustain ourselves and ultimately produce another robot - a child”

44
Q

who criticised Dawkins

A

R. Swinburne

K. Ward

45
Q

Swinburne criticism

A

conscience, morality and personal identity cannot be explained without reference to a soul

46
Q

Ward criticism

A

it is the soul which gives humanity its special dignity and sense of purpose

47
Q

soft materialist

A

john hick

48
Q

what is soft materialism also known as

A

Theistic Monism

49
Q

does john hick agree with the soul and body being separate

A

no

“we are on an indissoluble psycho-physical unity”

50
Q

replica theory

A

personal identity is contained within the body, mind, memory’s and as a whole

51
Q

what does hicks reject

A

that only the soul survives at death

52
Q

what does Aquinas call the soul?

A

“first principle of life”

53
Q

who is Aquinas influenced by?

A

Aristotle

54
Q

identity theory

A

that all mental activity happens in the brain

55
Q

epiphenomenalism

A

physical events can cause mental events but mental events cant cause physical events

56
Q

functionalism

A

the idea that all mental states have a casual role

57
Q

intentionality

A

the idea of freewill also links to the concept of intention

58
Q

moral responsibility

A

it is difficult to see how freewill is compatible with the theory that all brain events are physically determined

59
Q

nature of the universe

A

do we live in a casually enclosed physical universe or is there a metaphysical realm?

60
Q

who favours life after death more out of dualism and materialism?

A

dualism seems to favour survival more then materialism

philosophy (6 decks)

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