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philosophy > key words > Flashcards

key words Flashcards

1
Q

Rationalism

A

human reason is primary source of knowledge/truth

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

all knowledge/truth is derived from the senses alone

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3
Q

Revelation

A

knowledge is revealed to humanity through encounters with god

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4
Q

Theory of the Forms

A

Plato’s theory of two worlds, reality and appearance

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5
Q

Form of the good

A

the highest of al forms; the source of knowledge

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6
Q

concept/ideal

A

the innate, ideal of an object

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7
Q

phenomena/particular

A

an object in the material world

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8
Q

form (Aristotle)

A

what makes something recognisable

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9
Q

material cause

A

what is the object made out of?

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10
Q

efficient cause

A

who made the object? who brought it into existence?

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11
Q

formal cause

A

the shape, structure and characteristics of an object

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12
Q

final cause

A

the purpose (telos) of an object

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13
Q

prime mover

A

the unchanging final cause of all that exists

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14
Q

telos

A

end, result, purpose

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15
Q

body/soul distinction

A

the issue of personal identity

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16
Q

dualism

A

the belief that humans have two elements

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17
Q

substance dualism

A

the two elements (the body and the soul) are wholly different substances

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18
Q

monism

A

the view that humans are one substance, not two

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19
Q

materialism

A

the only substances is a material one

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20
Q

replica theory

A

a thought experience

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21
Q

theistic monism

A

“we are an indissoluble psychophysical unity” (Hick) also known as soft materialism

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22
Q

“soul one” (Dawkins)

A

non-material life force; an ancient idea being killed by science

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23
Q

“soul two” (Dawkins)

A

intellectual, reason or consciousness

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24
Q

identity theory

A

all mental activity is centred in the brain and is purely physical

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25
Q

a posteriori

A

an argument based on sense experience and observation of evidence

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26
Q

teleological argument

A

an argument for the existence of god starting with observed design or telos

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27
Q

cosmological argument

A

an argument for the existence of god starting with observations from existence of the universe

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28
Q

infinite regress

A

a chain of events going backwards forever

29
Q

Aquinas’s three ways

A

way one - motion
way two - cause
way three - necessity and contingency

30
Q

contingent

A

depends on something else for its existence; can cease to exist

31
Q

necessary

A

must exist, cannot not exist. holds the reason for its being within itself

32
Q

design qua purpose

A

design “as relating to” purpose

33
Q

design qua regularity

A

design “as relating to” the regular cycles and natural laws in the world

34
Q

evolution/natural selection

A

the process in nature where the organisms best adapted to their environment survive and pass on their genetic characteristics while those less adapted tend to be eliminated

35
Q

epicurean hypothesis

A

given infinite time, an infinite number of particles could produce order

36
Q

fallacy of composition

A

what is observed about the parts cannot be assumed to be the same as the whole

37
Q

a priori

A

an argument based on reason alone (before sense experience)

38
Q

ontological argument

A

an argument for the existence of god starting with reason

39
Q

principle of sufficient reason

A

the complete and full explanation

40
Q

analytic

A

a statement that contains the truth needed to verify it within the statement itself

41
Q

synthetic

A

a statement which needs external evidence to verify it has true/false

42
Q

logical fallacy

A

an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid

43
Q

predicate

A

a quality or property of an object/subject in a sentence

44
Q

conversion experience

A

a change of heart and turning around of ones priorities, following a new direction in life

45
Q

corporate religious experience

A

a religious experience shared with many people

46
Q

numinous experience

A

the experience of the wholly other

47
Q

William James’ definition

A

“the feelings, acts and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may call the divine”

48
Q

principle of credulity

A

things are as they seem to be useless we have evidence to the contrary

49
Q

principle of testimony

A

we should assume people are telling the truth, unless we have good reason to believe otherwise

50
Q

passive

A

not in control of the experience; feeling of being taken over by a more powerful being

51
Q

noetic

A

provided new knowledge or insight

52
Q

ineffable

A

cannot be described/difficult to be put into words

53
Q

transient

A

experience does not last long but its significance is out of proportion with its duration

54
Q

intellectual vision

A

seen in the minds eye rather then a physical presence

55
Q

imaginative vision

A

a dream

56
Q

corporeal vision

A

a physical sighting

57
Q

mystic experience

A

an experience of something beyond normal awareness

58
Q

privation

A

a lack of essential characteristics or property eg blindness is a lack of sight

59
Q

theodicy

A

the justification of god in the face of evil and suffering

60
Q

inconsistent triad

A

god cannot be omnipotent and Omni-benevolent or evil would not exist

61
Q

epistemic distance

A

the knowledge of gods existence is not obvious to humans in order to allow free will

62
Q

eschatology

A

the end times or last days of the universe; often a reference to the afterlife

63
Q

soul-making

A

hicks phrase referring to growing from the image into the likeness of god

64
Q

soul-deciding

A

often used of Augustine’s theodicy - the individual decides where their soul will go depending on their response to Jesus

65
Q

moral evil

A

evil and suffering caused by humans - war

66
Q

natural evil

A

evil and suffering caused by natural events - earthquake

67
Q

dysteleological evil

A

evil and suffering that does not seem to have a purpose

68
Q

logical problem of evil

A

how can god be all powerful and all loving when evil exists

69
Q

evidential problem of evil

A

the sheer amount of evil in the world

philosophy (6 decks)

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