Soul mind and body Flashcards
What was Plato?
a dualist
What is dualism?
reality can be divided into two parts psychical and non psychical
what is monism?
reality exists in one aspect - physical
What is substance dualism?
mind and soul are two different entities
What is property dualism?
only one substance matters with two distinct properties physical and mental
what is soft materialism ?
only physical substances but some can develop mental properties
What is hard materialism ?
only psychical matter exists
What did plato argue ?
body and soul are separate but are a partnership soul belongs to realm of forms but is trapped in our bodies in realm of appearances
What quote did plato about the soul and body say?
“the soul is … immortal intelligible and unchangeable”
whereas
“the body is mortal multiform and changeable
When is the soul set free?
after death
What allegory does plato use for soul mind and body ?
chariot allegory
What are the three parts of allegory ?
charioteer (logical )
black horse (appetitive )
white horse (spirited)
What does the charioteer represent ?
represents mans reason and guides the two horses should have vision and purpose
What does the black horse represent ?
mortal deformed ugly and stubborn does not obey whip and does what he wants driven by his appetite
What does the white horse represent ?
immortality beautiful and noble
Who rejected platos ideas ?
Aristotle - he rejected plates rationalism which included realm of forms and believed we should use experience to find out
What analogy did Aristotle use ?
An axe - if an axe was the natural body then when the body dies the essence of the axe would be gone but only its name would suggest its an axe
What quote did Aristotle use ?
to attain knowledge of the soul is one of the most difficult things in the world
What was Aristotle ?
property dualist
What did Aristotle describe as the soul?
saw the soul as a substance so its the persons essence body changes but not persons identity continual identity is called soul or psyche formal cause is soul separation from everyone else “soul is cause”
What was the rejection of Aristotle ?
no clear evidence our senses are reliable maybe the universe doesn’t have final cause so must everything else . Some animals have shown ability to have reason e.g an ape measuring how deep river is
What are the three types of soul?
vegetative - being alive in most basic form all living things
appetitive - passions emotions and animals
intellectual - rational and directive remember and reflects only humans
Who was the substance dualist?
rene descartes
What did Descartes believe ?
distinction between soul and body he used the term mind for soul . He used three waves of doubt
