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Music 140 Part 3 > Soul and Funk > Flashcards

Soul and Funk Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is Star Trek notable?

A

Diverse cast, including a black female bridge officer

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2
Q

Who . played Lt. Uhura in Star Trek?

A

Michelle Nichols

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3
Q

Who convinced Michelle Nichols to stay on Star Trek?

A

MLK Jr

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4
Q

What events lead to soul music

A

Growing Civil Rights, rejection of R&B as music of the past/slavery/south. Need a . more optimistic, urban sound

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5
Q

What styles is soul a fusion of?

A

Gospel - Vocal Styling
R&B - Rhythm & Backbeat
TPA - Arrangementsand lyrics

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6
Q

What sparked the move to TPA lyrics?

A

sense R&B lyrics were too vulgar, want to clean it up a bit

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7
Q

What type of labels dominate soul?

A

Small, independent labels

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8
Q

What are the two major soul labels?

A

Motown & Stax

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9
Q

Where is Motown located?

A

Detroit, MI

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10
Q

who founds Motown?

A

Berry Gordy

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11
Q

What makes Motown notable?

A

First major label founded by an African American

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12
Q

When is Motown founded?

A

1959

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13
Q

How is Motown influenced by detroit

A

practices taken from automotive sector:

  • get everything needed to make the record under one roof
  • division of labour
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14
Q

What roles were present in Motown?

A

Songwriters, finishing school, choreographers, house band

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15
Q

What was the only thing that changed between motown songs?

A

The singer

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16
Q

Who were the songwriters employed by motown?

A

Holland/Dozier/Holland, Smokey Robinson

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17
Q

Who ran the finishing school at motown

A

Maxine Powell

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18
Q

what criticism was made about motown

A

whitening up the artists

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19
Q

Who created choreography for motown

A

Cholly Atkins

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20
Q

Who were the house band at Motown?

A

The Funk Brothers

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21
Q

What did the house band at Motown do at night?

A

Jazz

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22
Q

What are two examples of motown hits

A

You’d better Shop Around, Stop in the Name of Love

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23
Q

Who performs “You’d Better Shop Around”?

A

Smokey & the Mirrors

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24
Q

when is “You’d Better Shop Around” released?

A

1960

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25
Q

What is distinctive about the performance of “You’d Better Shop Around”

A

restrained conservative approach, with smooth, controlled choreography

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26
Q

Who are The Supremes?

A

Female Vocalist Trio from Motown

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27
Q

Who is the Lead Singer of The Supremes?

A

Diana Ross

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28
Q

Why do some suggest Diana Ross was selected as lead singer of The Supremes?

A

Having an affair with Barry Gordy, voice has a larger appeal because it doesnt have a large gospel sound (appeals to white audiences)

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29
Q

What is an example of a Supremes song?

A

Stop In the Name of Love

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30
Q

When is Stop in the Name of Love released?

A

1965

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31
Q

What type of sound did Motown try to avoid?

A

Gospel (want to appeal to white audiences)

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32
Q

What instrument does Stop in The Name of Love Feature?

A

Vibraphone, Tambourine

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33
Q

why does barry gordy love tambourine

A

Great high end sound. (White people love high end? - R&B likes low end)

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34
Q

What genre is the vibraphone associated with?

A

Jazz

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35
Q

What does the inclusion of a vibraphone indicate?

A

Vibraphone is a symbol of black artistry - white people are taking black art seriously.

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36
Q

What areas does Motown focus on with Stop In the Name of Love

A

arrangement (personally signed off by barry gordy), clarity of sound (especially high end), accuracy of performance (no errors)

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37
Q

What practice does motown do to remain relevant

A

Would regularly listen to top 40 and release any song they have which was similar to current hits

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38
Q

When was STAX founded?

A

founded in 1959 as Satellite Records, changed to STAX in 1961

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39
Q

Who are the founding members of STAX?

A

Jim Stewart (music) & Astell Axton (money)

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40
Q

what is STAX’s house band?

A

Booker T & the MGs

41
Q

what is remarkable about Booker T & the MGs?

A

Integrated band in the south

42
Q

where was STAX located?

A

Memphis Tennessee

43
Q

what song is Booker T & the MGs known for?

A

Green Onions

44
Q

What was Stax’s approach to recording?

A
  • no multitrack
  • voting on which take to use
  • emphasis on energy
  • less emphasis on arrangement (less background vocals, simpler horns & strings)
45
Q

Who tried to convince Stax to use multitrack?

A

Atlantic records (sent them a machine, ended up being used as a doorstop)

46
Q

What is an example of a Stax artist?

A

Otis Redding

47
Q

what is an example of an Otis Redding song?

A

Try a little tenderness

48
Q

when was try a little tenderness released?

A

1966

49
Q

why is Otis Redding’s sweat important

A

sweat = emotional investment/ intensity. For Stax, appearance is secondary energy

50
Q

Who originally recorded “Try a little tenderness?”

A

Bing Crosby, 1933, composed in TPA in the 20s

51
Q

How does Otis Redding’s career end?

A

Plane Crash

52
Q

What is an example of a Sam & Dave song?

A

Soul Man

53
Q

what is Soul an analogy for?

A

black culture

54
Q

when was Soul Man released?

A

1967

55
Q

What range of the audio spectrum is emphasized in Soul Man?

A

Low end (no high end present)

56
Q

Which labels represented product vs process focus in soul music?

A

Motown: Product
Stax: Process

57
Q

What events are credited with reducing the optimism in soul music?

A

Death of Kennedy, stalling of the Civil Rights movement

58
Q

Which Arethra Franklin song did we listen to in class?

A

“Respect”

59
Q

When was respect released?

A

1967

60
Q

who originally released respect

A

Otis Redding

61
Q

What purpose does “Respect” serve?

A

An athem/ call to arms for civil rights

62
Q

Where does Respect fall between Stax & Motown

A

In the Middle. Tambourine & arrangement are motown style, gospel influence and vocal power are attributes of stax

63
Q

Who is Soul Brother #1

A

James Brown

64
Q

What are some nicknames for James Brown

A

Soul Brother #1, Godfather of Soul, Hearst working Man in Show Business

65
Q

What is James Brown’s first hit?

A

Please, Please, Please - 1965

66
Q

How does james brown shape soul music?

A

shapes transition from R&B -> soul

67
Q

What is the first album to sell 1M copies?

A

Live at the Apollo - James Brown (1963)

68
Q

What are some James Brown crossover hits?

A

Papas got a brand new bag (1965), I feel Good (1964, but released after)

69
Q

What was James Brown’s biggest Pop hit?

A

“I feel good, 1965”

70
Q

How is “I feel Good” structured?

A

12 bar blues structure, formatted as an AABA (4 bar break, 8 bar bridge in the B section)

71
Q

How did James Brown appeal his music to white audiences?

A

“Black folks like the blues, White folks something different in the middle”

72
Q

what genre does James Brown invent?

A

Funk

73
Q

what events embody the frustration at the stalling of civil rights?

A

Race Riots (1965-1967)

74
Q

What is the largest race riot?

A

Detroit, 1967

75
Q

When and where is MLK assassinated?

A

April 4, 1968, Memphis, TN

76
Q

What movement is inspired by the stalling of civil rights?

A

Black Panther movement (Black Power). seek peaceful resolution but will respond to violence with violence

77
Q

What movement grows in the late 60s

A

Re-Africanization. Move to adopting traditional clothing, styles, hairstyles, languages and names with goal to break white opression

78
Q

When is Funk created?

A

1967 (James brown)

79
Q

What is an example of a Funk song?

A

Get Up ( I feel like a) Sex Machine

80
Q

When is Get up released?

A

1970

81
Q

How does Funk radically change style?

A

No real melody, no chord changes. focus on rhythm and articulation. (deprivilege melody & harmony, priviledge rhythm and articulation)

82
Q

What practice is funk based on

A

Interlock Groove, based on West African drum circles

83
Q

What are the features of a drum circle

A

Master drummer - sets the pace (count in), every element has a spcifc riff which combines to make the interlock groove

84
Q

What does the master drummer do on top of the interlock groove in a drum circle?

A

Improvise

85
Q

What features are important in drum circles & funk?

A

input from the band /circle.

86
Q

What rhythmic form is important in funk music

A

“The One” - everything syncs up on the downbeat every couple bars to anchor the rhythm

87
Q

How is funk recieved by white audiences

A

Its not embraced (who cares that’s not the point)

88
Q

How is the structure of a song changed from soul -> funk?

A

Changes a linear progression into a cyclic composition (no progress)

89
Q

What was James Brown’s original band called?

A

Famous Blames

90
Q

How did James Brown get his break?

A

Impromptu performance at a Little Richard show, impressed Little Richard’s manager

91
Q

How did Little Richard affect James Brown’s success?

A

Was a stand in for Little Richard during tour dates after Little Richard got his break

92
Q

When was James Brown’s first record released?

A

1956 (King Records)

93
Q

What style was James Brown’s music originally?

A

Doo-Wop

94
Q

What was James Brown well known for?

A

aggressive singing, rhythmic groove. Athletic dancing (closing number in which he is exhausted and carried off stage)

95
Q

What distinguishes Brown from Stax & Motown

A

Stax - tight arrangement, attention to detail.

Motown - lack of background vocals. energy is produceed by brown

96
Q

Why was James Brown valued as a black artist.

A

Political lyrics and hard musical style, arranges his own affairs - gives the image of an uncompromising black artist

97
Q

What was the impact of MLK Jr’s death on black culturee

A

Shift away from non-violent ideals, growth of anger

98
Q

What led to the breakup of Stax

A

Atlantic sold to Warner, realized they didn’t own their masters

99
Q

What lead to the decline of Motown

A

Felt uncomfortable worknig in detroit ? (unclear)

Music 140 Part 3 (9 decks)

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