Sos- Consciousness Controlled

Question 1

a capacity to direct attention and manipulate abstract ideas

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

wakefulness

Answer 2

arousal

Question 3

how cortex responds to brainstem which controls arousal

Answer 3

awareness

Question 4

keeps us at homeostasis of consciousness

Answer 4

brainstem

Question 5

Anatomy of consciousness requires a network of _______

Answer 5

reticular formation + subcortical nuclei + cortex

Question 6

route of info of ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Answer 6

reticular formation in the midbrain to thalamus to cortex

Question 7

3D network of neurons (not a nucleus you can identify)

Answer 7

reticular formation

Question 8

rostral pontine-caudal midbrain RF

Answer 8

MRF

Question 9

regulates sleep, wakefulness, and arousal

Answer 9

reticular formation

Question 10

Collect information about multiple sensory modalities – for example: pain, head snap

Answer 10

midbrain reticular formation (MRF) neurons

Question 11

main pathway when dealing with arousal

Answer 11

midbrain to intralaminar/reticular thalamic nuclei to cortex

Question 12

important nuclei for Alzheimer’s and reticular formation

Answer 12

Ach nuclei (cholinergic nucleus basalis of Meynert)

Question 13

unconscious state that is arousable

Answer 13

asleep

Question 14

unconscious state that is not arousable

Answer 14

coma

Question 15

GCS < __ for coma/intubation

Answer 15

8

Question 16

GCS of 13-14

Answer 16

mild impairment

Question 17

GCS 9-12

Answer 17

moderate impairment

Question 18

GCS of 3-8

Answer 18

severe impairment

Question 19

____requires bilateral CNS damage

Answer 19

Coma

Question 20

punch to the face what two main things can happen

Answer 20

quick interruption of reticular formation (recovery)
diffuse axonal injury/coup/contrecoup

Question 21

GCS 3-8
everything slowed down
can’t breath on their own
>/= an hour
no voluntary movement

Answer 21

coma

Question 22

bilateral damage that affects the brain
ex. uncal/central herniation

Answer 22

coma

Question 23

2 main spots for coma lesions in brainstem

Answer 23

reticular formation
caudal midbrain- upper pons

Question 24

see corneas under eye lid going back and forth (normal during sleeping) abnormal in vegetative state

Answer 24

Roving eye movements

Question 25

normal arousal to an awake state but unaware of self or environment

Answer 25

vegetative state

Question 26

can breathe on their own brainstem reflexes intact reflexes present (but only in response to stimulation) present >/= 1 month (persistent ____)

Answer 26

vegetative state

Question 27

Most things gone but can still do reflexes b/c spinal loops are still intact---just a reaction to the exam, they can’t elicit it EEG: flat line No activity on neuroimaging

Answer 27

brain death

Question 28

Answer 28

brain death

Question 29

Answer 29

vegetative state

Question 30

What neurotransmitter is involved in ARAS or coma states or Alzheimers

Answer 30

Ach

Question 31

most important nuclei of wakefuleness and found in nucleus basalis of meynert and important for alzheimers

Answer 31

cholinergic nuclei (Ach)

Question 32

serotonin associated nuclei for wakefulness

Answer 32

rostral raphe n.

Question 33

what inhibits ARAS (arousal system)

Answer 33

adenosine

Question 34

what stimulates ARAS and blocks adenosine binding to receptor

Answer 34

caffeine

Question 35

a normal suspension of ARAS activity

Answer 35

sleep

Question 36

normal sleep decline with ____

Answer 36

age

Question 37

good for repair, homeostasis get rid of breakdown products new memory formation

Answer 37

deep sleep

Question 38

slow wave sleep and wide to narrow and not as deep as you progress in the sleep cycle

Answer 38

stages 3 and 4

Question 39

awake and then right into REM sleep well-controlled with meds

Answer 39

narcolepsy

Question 40

abnormal movements, sleep walking, talking, restless leg syndrome, sleep terrors (don’t remember) stress and lack of sleep can bring this out

Answer 40

non-REM parasomnias

Question 41

sleep paralysis; hypnagogic hallucinations (right when you start to fall asleep---thought you saw mouse run across room)

Answer 41

REM parasomnia

Question 42

can be from prion disease (destroys cells), normal to cognitive loss in 3 yrs happens in a short period of time (can happen with hunters eating raw meat)

Answer 42

fatal familial insomnia

Question 43

trypanosomes (parasite); lives in blood; causes anemia and patient is sleepy all the time

Answer 43

African sleeping sickness

Question 44

how does eating regulate sleep and arousal

Answer 44

ghrelin-orexin effects (brain shuts down while body is digesting food)

Question 45

how does retina regulate arousal

Answer 45

light input that goes to suprachiasmatic nucleus (clock is set here) and then through sympathetics to pineal gland (melatonin)

Question 46

increase in _______ will start you in sleep pattern and will continue increasing until cycle is over and you wake back up

Answer 46

melatonin