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Micro Exam #2 > (SOME) Zoonoses > Flashcards

(SOME) Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the physical structure of Bacillus.

A

G+ Rods
Large, Fat, Square Ends
Chains, Palisades, Clumps

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2
Q

Bacillus response to adversity?

A

Sporulation

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3
Q

Oxygen metabolism of Bacillus.

A

Aerobic

Some species have butanediol or lactate ferm pathways.

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4
Q

Where can Bacillus be found primarily?

A

Soil and on Leaf Surfaces

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5
Q

Two types of Bacillus we covered?

A

Bacillus cereus

Bacillus anthracis

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6
Q

Bacillus cereus is typically seen in what context?

A

Food Poisoning

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7
Q

Describe the physical appearance of Bacillus cereus spores.

A

Subterminal

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8
Q

Describe the physical appearance of Bacillus cereus colonies on agar plates.

A

Large, flat, rough

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9
Q

What two varieties of Bacillus cereus are seen clinically?

A

Emetic Variety

Diarrheal Variety

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10
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of emetic variety Bacillus cereus.

A

Very Acute Onset (1-6 hrs)
Recovery in 12 hours
Nausea, Vomiting, Cramps

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11
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of the diarrheal variety of Bacillus cereus.

A

Slow onset (8-16 hrs)
Profuse Diarrhea, Cramps
No Vomiting

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12
Q

How do people get Bacillus cereus?

A

Cooked rice and pasta that has been cooled too slowly?

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13
Q

Why the fuck does it matter how slowly my rice cools?

A

Cooling slowly allows spores to germinate and produce the toxin

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14
Q

How many toxins are associated with Bacillus cereus?

A

4 (1 emetic toxin and three enterotoxins)

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15
Q

What does the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus do?

A

K+ Ionophore

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16
Q

What are the three enterotoxins associated with Bacillus cereus?

A

Hemolytic
Non-hemolytic (pore-formers)
Cytotoxin (Activates Ad cyclase)

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17
Q

Unique physical characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Central Spores
“Cut glass” colonies on blood agar
Poly-D-glutamate capsule

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18
Q

Clinical presentation of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Papule (12-36 hrs) becomes a large necrotic eschar
Disseminates and becomes systemic
May infect any organ

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19
Q

What is an eschar?

A

a dry, dark scab or falling away of dead skin

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20
Q

Three most common causes of diarrhea (not necessarily in order)

A

Norovirus
S Aureus
B cereus

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21
Q

How is Bacillus anthracis typically contracted?

A
  • Animals ingest/carry spores from soil
  • Human handles infected animal materials
  • Spore contacts mucous membranes or enter through abrasions
  • Germinate in Macrophages after engulfment
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22
Q

How long are Bacillus anthracis spores viable?

A

more than 50 years

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23
Q

Four ways (even though they may kind of overlap..) that Bacillus anthracis can get into the body

A

Contact Mucus Membrane
Abrasion
Inhalation
Ingestion

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24
Q

Why should we give a shit about Bacillus anthracis if it comes up less than once a year in the whole world?

A

Possibly comes up in bioweaponization

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25
What do spores do upon entering the host?
Enter macrophages | Germinate in the phagolysosome (upon O2 radical exposure)
26
Can Bacillus anthracis spores be found in blood smears?
No
27
Describe the Bacillus anthracis toxin
Tripartite AB-type (A2B) toxin
28
What are the three components of Bacillus anthracis toxin?
Binding (Protective Antigen) Lethal Factor Edema Factor
29
What does Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor do?
It is a MAP Kinase Protease responsible for necrosis
30
What does Bacillus anthracis Edema factor do?
It is a calmodulin-dependent adenyl cyclase | It makes cAMP, which causes H2O secretion into tissues
31
Both virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis (______, ________) are encoded by ______.
(Toxin, Capsule) | Plasmid Encoded
32
How do you treat Bacillus anthracis?
Penicillin (cutaneous), Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin
33
How is Bacillus anthracis controlled?
Live pXO2 vaccine PA toxoid vaccine (military) Livestock vaccine
34
Describe the physical structure of Brucella
G- | Aerobic Coccobacillus
35
T or F. Brucella is dangerous due to its rapid growth rate.
F. Very Slow growing (5 days on plate)
36
Growth site of Brucella in host?
Facultative Intracellular parasite
37
Four species of Brucella that affect humans?
``` Brucella melitensis (goats) Brucella abortus (cattle) Brucella suis (swine) Brucella canis (dogs) ```
38
In what animal population is Brucella becoming more common?
Dogs -- spreading through animal shelters | Up to 10% prevalence in kennels
39
Clinical presentation of Brucella?
``` 1-6 week incubation Undulant Fever May become chronic -- weakness Granulomas (Liver, Spleen, LN, bone) Psychoneuroses ```
40
What is an Undulant Fever?
Fever that goes up and down on a regular basis | rise in afternoon, drop w/ profuse sweating in evening
41
How may Brucella present in livestock (esp cattle)?
Bacteria bind erythritol in testes, placenta, or mammary tissue If on placenta, form foci that detach microvilli Abortion Storm
42
What is an abortion storm?
Large scale abortions throughout an animal population
43
How is Brucella in cattle so common out West?
Wild animals (Bison, goats, elk, sheep) carry it Male transmits in semen Abortion storm contaminates pasture grass
44
How do humans acquire Brucella?
Infected milk Handling Infected Animal Lab Accident
45
How is Brucella diagnosed?
Blood Sample Serology Culture
46
Pathogenesis of Brucella?
Intracellular survival in PMNs/Macrophages Spreads to lymphatics and bloodstream Infects liver, spleen, BM -- Forms granulomas Bacterial growth -- Inflamm. response
47
So...what actually causes the undulant fever?
Bacterial release from macrophages | Brought back down as it is taken back in by macrophages
48
How can Brucella be controlled?
Pasteurize Milk Eradicate from herds/Segregate from wild herds Testing/Slaughter of Infected Animals Human Live Vaccine in Russia
49
Why don't Americans vaccinate for Brucella?
We don't want to deal with the whole LPS toxicity thing. U-S-A, U-S-A, U-S-A
50
How is Brucella treated?
Doxycycline + Rifampin +/- Streptomycin
51
Why might treatment tend to be ineffective?
Intracellular pathogen
52
If you see an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-Reactive Protein, what should you suspect?
Inflammation is happening
53
Describe the structure of Francisella tularensis?
Small G- Coccobacillus Pleomorphic Slow Growth
54
Francisella tularensis have a fastidious requirement of...
Cysteine
55
Clinical Presentation of Francisella tularensis?
2-6 days Incubation Inflamed, Ulcerated Papule at Infection Site High Fever, Severe Toxemia Abscess Formation in Liver, Spleen, LN, Lungs
56
Francisella tularensis is commonly found on what part of the body?
Hands (from skinning animals)
57
Reservoirs for Francisella tularensis?
Type A -- Rabbits (Most Severe) | Type B -- Beaver/Rodents (Milder)
58
Area of the country that looks like its got Francisella tularensis all over it?
Missouri, Arkansis, Oklahoma
59
Three methods of human acquisition of Francisella tularensis?
Skinning Infected Animals (and aerosol inhalation of carcass) Ticks/Deerflies (maybe other biters) Laboratory Hazards (Ingestion, Inhalation)
60
How infection is Francisella tularensis?
Infectious dose = 10 bacteria | Need P3 containment lab to grow it
61
Pathogenesis of Francisella tularensis?
Capsule resists complement Take up by mphages by coiling phago. Prevents oxidative burst, grows intracellularly T4SS + effectors that prevent phagolyso fusion LPS and PG release
62
How is Francisella tularensis treated?
Doxycycline, Cipro, gentamycin
63
Ways of controlling Francisella tularensis spread?
Strict isolation of lab organisms Care while skinning rabbits live cel vaccine for military
64
Francisella tularensis has a PAI with 17 genes. What is a PAI?
Pathogenic Island in the genome that contains genes that mediate pathogenicity
65
Describe the structure of Pasteurella multocida?
Small G- coccobacilli | Bipolar Staining
66
Oxygen requirements of Pasteurella multocida?
Facultative Anerobe
67
How many capsular antigen types of Pasteurella multocida are there?
4
68
Clinical presentation of Pasteurella multocida in humans?
Local or disseminated edematous soft tissue abscess Occurs within a few hours of animal bite Rapidly progressive cellulitis You see proximal streaking along a lymph tract
69
Significance of Pasteurella multocida in the animal kingdom?
Fowl cholera (pneumonia) -- wipes out flocks Shipping Fever (cattle) -- Copious nasal discharge, septicemia, acute pneumonia, death Snuffles (rabbits) -- progress to lethal hemorrhagic pneumonia
70
How does Pasteurella multocida typically spread to humans?
``` Animal bites (Carried by 90% cats and 70% of dogs) Sometimes fomites (dust -- chicken shed workers) ```
71
Pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida?
Antiphagocytic Capsule Pili, Adhesion Proteins, Fe-binders Adhere to mphage, but not engulfed Growth and abscess formation
72
What is unique about the growth of Pasteurella multocida?
in vivo is as fast as in vitro | Grows too fast for immune system to keep up very well.
73
Is Pasteurella multocida very susceptible to antibiotics? Why?
No -- Grows too fast
74
How is Pasteurella multocida treated?
Multiple Drugs | Pen/Amp or Ceph + Tetra
75
Remember, most animal bites are....
Polymicrobial
76
Describe the physical structure of Bartonella henselae.
Gram negative small rod
77
Difference between Bartonella henselae and Rickettsia?
Bartonella henselae can grow on Lab Media
78
What does Bartonella henselae attach to in cats? humans?
Cats -- RBCs | Humans -- Endothelial Cells (Intracellular)
79
Describe the clinical presentation of Bartonella henselae.
Cat Scratch disease Papule at inoculation site, local swelling, fever Regional Lymph Node Involvement Occasionally "Culture Negative" Endocarditis
80
Describe the clinical presentation of Bartonella quintana.
Trench Fever/Homeless Fever 5 day recurring fever Headache, lymphadenopathy
81
What is Bacillary angiomatosis?
Proliferation of small spherical blood vessels in an inflamed endothelial background (blood vessel tumor) May occur as papular/tumoral lesion or in organs
82
What bacterium cause Bacillary angiomatosis?
Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana Bartonella bacilliformis
83
Who is more likely to get Bacillary angiomatosis?
Immunocompromised/AIDS patients
84
What causes Bartonella henselae.
``` Cat Scratches or Bites #1 Cause of localized lymph node swelling in children ```
85
How is Bartonella quintana is spread by...
..human head and body lice.
86
Describe Bartonella pathogenesis.
Outer Membrane Binding Protein T4SS + Effector Protein Produces Cell-Stimulating Factor
87
What does Effector Protein do?
Ruffling of the membrane to promote endocytosis | Stops Phag-lys fusion
88
What does Cell-stimulating factor do?
Stimulating NF-kB and induces apoptotic pathways
89
How would you typically treat Cat Scratch disease?
You wouldn't
90
What can you use to treat Bartonella?
Azithromycin +/- Rifampin
91
Elevated Liver enzymes are typically indicators of what two things.
1) Liver Involvement | 2) Muscle Breakdown/Rhabdomyolysis
92
What would you expect to see change in a CBC if you have cellulitis and nothing else.
No major CBC changes.
93
Two common polymicrobial infections.
Animal Bites | Abscess
94
Why do you take Ab levels early in an infection?
As a baseline
95
Describe the structure of Leptospira interrogans.
Exceedingly this spirochete Seen on SEM Endoflagella
96
Describe the difficulty in growing Leptospira interrogans.
Pretty easy for a spirochete -- 6 days to visible col.
97
How do Leptospira interrogans get energy.
Long-chain F.A. | No glycolysis
98
Clinical presentation of Leptospira interrogans initial stage.
Fever from bacteremia Capillary Vasculitis and edema leakage of RBCS and Serum (Petechiae, Bleeding) Bac eliminated everywhere but liver, kidneys, CNS, eyes
99
Clinical presentation on Leptospira interrogans secondary
``` Weil's Disease - Jaundice from liver failure - Nitrogen retention in Kidney Medulla Destruction Bloodshoot, Ooozing Eyes Meningitis ```
100
How is Leptospira interrogans typically contracted?
Shed into water from infected kidneys Persists in fresh water and is ingested Also spread in rat and dog urine
101
Describe the pathogensis of Leptospira interrogans.
Intracellular growth possible Pathogenesis from endothelial damage in capillaries -- Highly perfused organs more affected (liver, kidneys)
102
How is Leptospira interrogans treated?
Antibiotics are of limited control | Macrolides or Quinolones can be used
103
How is Leptospira interrogans controlled?
Prophylactic Doxycycline by the military Avoid rat-contaminated water Vaccinate dogs
104
What does ANP indicate
Heart Damage (should be under 100)
105
Treatment for cellulitis.
Clindamycin, Keflex | Penicillin for likely MRSA coinfection

Micro Exam #2 (15 decks)

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