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Micro Exam #2 > Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila > Flashcards

Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of Bordetella pertussis.

A

Small, G- Coccobacillus
Encapsulated
Non-motile

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2
Q

Bordetella pertussis is associated with _______ in virulent strains.

A

Hemolysis

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3
Q

Incubation time of Bordetella pertussis?

A

1-2 weeks

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4
Q

Three stages of Bordetella pertussis?

A

Catarrhal stage
Paroxysmal Stage
Convalescent Stage

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5
Q

Describe symptoms in the catarrhal stage of Bordetella pertussis infection.

A

Low grade fever, runny nose, worsening cough

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6
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of the paroxysmal stage of Bordetella pertussis infection.

A

Severe Cough – So prolonged/irritated that inhalazion is wheezy and vomiting occurs

Lymphotoxicity results in leukocyte prolif

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7
Q

Common name of Bordetella pertussis?

A

Whooping Cough

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8
Q

Describe the Bordetella pertussis convalescent stage.

A

Cough becomes less severe for about 45 days

“The Cough of 100 days”

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9
Q

Complications of Bordetella pertussis?

A

Bronchopneumonia

Encephalitis

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10
Q

How is Bordetella pertussis spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

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11
Q

Why is Bordetella pertussis so prone to spread?

A

It is highly contagious

It is rarely detected before spread

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12
Q

In what stage is Bordetella pertussis most contagious?

A

Catarrhal stage

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13
Q

Who is most prone to get Bordetella pertussis? Who is it most dangerous in?

A

Small Children

Most dangerous in small airway

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14
Q

Four causes of Bordetella pertussis?

A

Increased Surveillance
Increased Toxin Production
Vaccine targets few antigens
Low coverage of booster vaccine

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15
Q

Six virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis

A 
Filamentus hemagglutinin
Pertussis toxin
Calmodulin-dependent adenyl cyclase
Dermonecrotic Toxin
Tracheal Cytotoxin
LPS
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16
Q

What is the activity of filamentous hemagglutinin?

A
  • Allows Bordetella pertussis to bind specifically to glycoprotein receptor on ciliated epithelial cells
  • Aided by pertactin surface protein, pili, pertussis toxin
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17
Q

What is the clinical significance of filamentous hemagglutinin?

A

Ciliary stasis of mucociliary escalator

can’t sweep bacteria out of resp. tract

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18
Q

Describe the six parts of pertussis toxin.

A

5 B parts bind to ganglioside for ciliated cells

A part - ADP ribosylates an inhibitory G ptorein

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19
Q

What does ribosylating the inhibitory G protein in Bordetella pertussis cause problems

A

Prevents inactivation of adenyl cyclase (inc. cAMP)

Increases H2O secretion in respiratory tract

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20
Q

Difference between pertussis toxin and cholera toxin.

A

Pertussis locks in stimulated/active form

Cholera blocks the inhibitory form

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21
Q

Effect of calmodulin-dependent adenyl cyclase.

A

Additional ACase, only active in eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

Role of dermonecrotic toxin? Who secretes it?

A

Role Uncertain

Secreted by T3SS

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23
Q

What is tracheal cytotoxin? What does it do?

A

Soluble peptidoglycan residue

Kills ciliated epithelial cells

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24
Q

What two lipids are contained in LPS?

A

Lipid A and Lipid X (half of A)

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25
How is Bordetella pertussis controlled?
DTap Vaccine 3 times before 1st birthday, boosters
26
How can Bordetella pertussis be treated? What stage must a patient be in?
Erythromycin/Azithromycin | Catarrhal Stage
27
Describe Bordetella parapertussis
Similar to whooping cough, less severe | Have cryptic ptx operon
28
Describe the physical structure ofHaemophilus influenzae
G- coccobacillus | Some have capsule
29
Difference between typable and non-typable Haemophilus influenzae?
Typable have capsule, non-typable do not
30
Why to culture and make apparent Haemophilus influenzae?
Capsulated forms irridescent on BHI agar
31
Two factors required for Haemophilus influenzae growth in culture?
Heme (Factor X) | NAD (Factor V)
32
What happens to Haemophilus influenzae grown on "chocolate" blood agar?
"Satellite" colones will develop
33
How are Haemophilus influenzae typed?
Quellung reaction into type a-f | Add Ab that recognize, capsule gets bigger under microscope
34
What type are most infectious strains of Haemophilus influenzae?
B
35
How is Haemophilus influenzae spread?
Enters via URT mucosa
36
Effect of Haemophilus influenzae infection in utero before 24 weeks
Stillbirth
37
Effect of Haemophilus influenzae in children?
Meningitis | Acute otitis media
38
Frequency of bacterial meningitis in the US? % fatal?
4500 | 15%
39
Top Five Overall Causes on Meningitis?
``` S. pneumoniae - 58% Group B Strep - 18% N. miningitidis - 14% H. influenzae - 7% Listeria monocytogenes - 4% ```
40
Most common cause of meningitis in newborns?
GBS
41
Top three causes of meningitis in kids?
S. pneumoniae N. miningitidis H. influenzae
42
Most common cause of meningitis in teens?
N meningitidis
43
Most common cause of meningitis in adults?
S. pneumoniae
44
Most common cause of meningitis in elderly?
S. pneumoniae
45
What three bacterial strains are most prone to cause acute otitis media?
Haemophilus influenzae Strep pneumoniae Moraxella catarrhalis
46
How does Haemophilus influenzae tend to present in adults?
Pneumonia, Sinusitis, Epiglottitis
47
Sign seen in radiograph of a Haemophilus influenzae patient?
Thumb sign of the epiglottis
48
Top two causes of bacterial pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae | Haemophilus influenzae
49
How is Haemophilus influenzae spread?
via droplets | Especially common in daycare centers
50
Untreated Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is ___% fatal
90
51
Why is Haemophilus influenzae typically not a huge problem for adults?
They're probably already immune
52
Describe Haemophilus influenzae pathogenesis
- Adhesion pili allow uptake and intracellular growth - IgA protease prevents IgA detection - LOS makes less immunogenic/easily killed - T cell activation by soluble PG
53
What is the main virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae (seen in Type B)
poly-ribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule | it allows capillary/CNS invasion
54
What is the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine made of?
PRP conjugated to diptheria toxoid
55
Why might you avoid antibiotics for Haemophilus influenzae?
80% of the time, resolves on its own in 3 days | 92% success with amoxycilin, but 3rd gen
56
What other drug can you use to treat Haemophilus influenzae? Why wouldn't you?
Caohalosporins | Diarrhea as side effects
57
Describe the presentation of Haemophilus ducreyi.
Ragged soft ulcer on genitals
58
How is Haemophilus ducreyi spread?
STD
59
Haemophilus ducreyi requires what to grow?
Factor V
60
Where is Haemophilus ducreyi most prevalent? How is it treated?
Africa | SxT or Macrolides
61
Describe the physical structure of Legionella pneumophila?
G- Rods | Variable Length, Pleomorphic
62
Things required for the growth of Legionella pneumophila
Fe, Cysteine | High Humidity
63
How is Legionella pneumophila plated?
Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar
64
Three ways in which Legionella pneumophila manifests?
Asymptomatic Pontiac Fever Legionnaire's Disease
65
Describe Pontiac Fever seen in Legionella pneumophila.
Highly infectious | Mild flu-like malaise that runs its course in a day or 2
66
Describe Legionnaires' Disease in Legionella pneumophila?
Acute pneumonia with high fever Consolidation and fibrin deposition in multiple foci (usually lower parts of lungs)
67
Most likely group to contract Legionnaire's Disease?
Elderly men over 55
68
Risk factors for Legionnaire's Disease (3)?
Smoking, Emphysema, Lung Cancer Bronchitis Immunosuppressant Drugs
69
Top 5 most common pathogens to cause community-acquired Pneumonia.
``` Streptococcus pneumoniae Hemophilus influenzae Staphylococcus aureus Gram-negative bacilli Legionella bacilli ```
70
Most likely place to find Legionella pneumophila?
Fresh water and Soil 58% of outbreaks in city tap water Form films in continually standing water
71
Legionella pneumophila survive in....
Amoeba
72
How does Legionella pneumophila tend to be spread?
mechanically aerosolized droplets inhaled | NOT transmissable person-to-person
73
Describe the pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila.
- Macrophage-specific adhesion pili - Type II and Type IV (Dot/Icm) (4 secretes AnkB - stops lysosome fusion to phagosome) - Pathogen mediated endocytosis (coiling phagocytosis) - Grow in macrophages by preventing fusion - Can release PS blebs from outer membrane
74
What does AnkB do?
Stops Lysosome fusion to phagosome
75
How to detect Legionella pneumophila?
Urine Antigen Test
76
How to decontaminate Legionella pneumophila?
Bleach + Superheating
77
How to treat Legionella pneumophila?
Macrolides: erythromycin/azithromycin

Micro Exam #2 (15 decks)

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