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Organ Systems 3 Exam 3 > Somatosensory Part 1 > Flashcards

Somatosensory Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three levels of integration associated with the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices?

A

Somatis sensation (somesthesis, consciousness of stimuli), somatic perception (interpretation of somatic stimuli into a meaningful picture of the world), somatic representation (abstract knowledge, beliefs about ones body)

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2
Q

What are four attributes of sensory systems?

A

intensity, sensory adaptation, modality, localization

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3
Q

How is intensity signalled?

A

increased stimulus intensity enhances the amplitude of the receptor potential and the frequency of the AP

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4
Q

What are the two types of sensory adaptation and what do they tell the CNS?

A

rapid adaptation (rapid offset of stimulus, telling the CNS that something occurs) and slow adaptation (slow decrease in activity, telling the CNS what is occurring)

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5
Q

What are the different types of tactile and proprioceptive modalities that nerves can detect?

A

touch (pressure, vibration, texture), pain, temperature, joint position, muslce sense, movement

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6
Q

What type of ion channels are sensory receptor proteins?

A

transient receptor type ion channels (TRPs)

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7
Q

What is “adequate stimulus”? How does this differ to the way in which taste is sensed?

A

adequate stimulus is the energy that elicits the greatest response, determining which type of neuron will be responsible for the sensory perception

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8
Q

What type of nerve conduct APs faster?

A

large diameter, myelinated neurons

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9
Q

What is a compound action potential?

A

a group of summed APs measured at a particular site on a nerve

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10
Q

What nerve types are the fastest? Type 1/A? or Type 4/C?

A

Type 1/A

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11
Q

What type of nerve conducts proprioception information?

A

Type Aalpha

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12
Q

What kind of information do nerve type Abeta send?

A

light touch

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13
Q

What type of nerve conducts information on fast pain?

A

Adelta

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14
Q

What kind of information do C nerve send?

A

slow pain

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15
Q

What is meant by localization?

A

cutaneous receptive fields of mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

Which receptor field is larger? Which is more innervated?One in the periphery or a proximal one?

A

proximal RFs are larger and less innervated. Peripheral RFs are smaller and densely innervated

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17
Q

How does ones body reconize specificity?

A

By responding to differences among secondary RFs that are comprised of smaller, overlapping primary RFs

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18
Q

What are the four submodalities of tactile sensation?

A

discriminitive touch, non-discriminitve touch, temperature, pain

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19
Q

What type of neurons are mechanoreceptors for discriminative touch?

A

Abeta

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20
Q

What kind of neuron are Merkel cells (fast/slow adapting?) and what do Merkel cells sense? Where are they located?

A

type SA1,
detect form, texture, fingers scanning a surface,
in basal layer.

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21
Q

What kind of neurons are Ruffini corpuscles (slow/fast adapting?) and what do Ruffini corpuscles sense? Where are they located?

A

type SA2,
detect skin stretch, perception of hand shape and position.
deep in the dermis

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22
Q

What kind of neurons are Meissner corpuscles (slow/fast adapting?) and what do Meisner corpuscles sense?

A

FA, detect skin movement and slip for grip control

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23
Q

What kind of neurons are Pacinian corpuscles (slow/fast adapting?) and what do Pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

FA, vibratory stimuli detected through hand held objects

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24
Q

What kind of neurons are hair follicles (slow/fast adapting?) and what do hair follicles detect?

A

FA, motion/direction of tactile stimuli

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25
Q

What two types of discriminative tactile receptors are slow adapting?

A

Merkel cells and Ruffini corpuscles

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26
Q

What and where are meissner corpuscles?

A

lamellar cells (Schwann and CT) embedded in the dermis

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27
Q

What compound triggers and AP in pacinian corpuscles? How does the pacinian corpuscle adapt to stimulation?

A

glutamate is released from the axon and lamellar cells in response to physical pressure –> AP. stimulus releases GABA from lamellar cells which inhibits the AP

28
Q

What kind of receptors have small RFs, generally concentrated at the fingertips?

A

Meissner (FA) and Merkel (SA1)

29
Q

What kind of receptors have larger RFs and are generally located in the palms or over large regions of the fingers?

A

Pacinian and Ruffini

30
Q

What receptor type is FA and has small RFs, generally along the fingers

A

Meissner

31
Q

What receptor type is SA and has large RFs?

A

Ruffni

32
Q

What receptor type is FA and has large RFs?

A

Pacinian

33
Q

What receptor type is SA and has small RFs?

A

Merkel cells

34
Q

What kind of receptors mediate remaining somesthetis modalities such as pain and temperature?

A

free nerve endings, = non-discriminative touch. these have poor localization

35
Q

What is proprioception?

A

somatic sensitivity to join position, location, orientation and movement of the joints, muscles and fascia

36
Q

Spindles detect _____ of muscles

A

length

37
Q

Golgi tendon organs detect ____ of muscles

A

tension

38
Q

What pathways are low threshold, Rapid AP conduction in the dorsal-column-lemniscal setting, providing quantitative sense of stimulus localization?

A

discriminative touch and proprioception

39
Q

What pathways are high treshold free nerve endings with slower AP conduction in the antero-lateral system, providing qualitative experience of the stimulus

A

non-discriminative touch, pain , temperature

40
Q

What pathways involve the doral column-lateral system of communication to the spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus and cerebral cortex?

A

discriminative touch and proprioception

41
Q

Where are first order neurons? what do they synapse with?

A

sensory Abeta neurons that form dorsal columns (cuneate and gracile fasciculi). they synapse onto the dorasal column nuclei in the medulla

42
Q

What are the second order neurons? what do they synapse with?

A

cuneate and gracile nuclei that decussate in the medulla, form a medial lemniscus and synapse with neurons in the thalamus

43
Q

What are the first order neurons? what do they synapse with?

A

form the internal capsule in the thalamus, project to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus

44
Q

The anterolateral system provides what type of sensory feedback?

A

non-discriminative touch (free nerve endings), pain, temperature

45
Q

What kinds of neurotransmitters do sensory first-order neurons use to communicate with second order neurons in the anterolateral system?

A

Substance P, glutamate, NO

46
Q

What groups of Rexeds lamina are for pain?

A

Lamina I, II

47
Q

What groups of Rexeds lamina are for touch?

A

Lamina IV

48
Q

What are the two tracts of the anterolateal system?

A

neospinothalamic tract, paleospinothalamic tract

49
Q

Where does the neospinothalamic tract project to and what does it sense?

A

projects to the lateral thalamus and somatosensory cortex. localization of sensation

50
Q

Where does the paleospinothalamic tract project to and what does it sense?

A

projects to the reticular formation, medial thalamus and cortex. detects qualitative aspects of pain, temperature and non-discriminative touch

51
Q

Where do third oder lateral thalamic nuclei project to and what do they do?

A

project to the primary somatosensory cortex (arranged somatotopically). stimulus location (homunculus

52
Q

Where do third order medial thalamic nuclei project to and what do they do?

A

project to cingulate gyrus, insula and detect qualitative aspects of the pain, temp. may generate alerting responses or the dulling of pain

53
Q

What is syringomyelia and what are the symptoms?

A

cysts in the cervical grey matter preventing decussation of anterolateral tracts. –> bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation, but not discriminative or proprioception from the dermatome of that level

54
Q

What is brown-sequard syndrom, what are the symptoms?

A

hemisection of the spinal cord that cuts through the anterolateral and dorsal column tracts. —> loss of ipsilateral discriminative touch; loss of contralateral pain and temperature sensation; loss of ipsilateral motor control

55
Q

What are dermatomes and why are they so hard to map? What technique is the best for mapping dermatomes?

A

areas of the skin that are innervated by one spinal segment. difficult to map because there is considerable overlap. best way is to map using pain and temperature.

56
Q

touch, pain and temperature of the face are mediated by what nerve?

A

the trigeminal nerve, CN V

57
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

58
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane and the ear?

A

the mandibular division

59
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve originate?

A

the pons

60
Q

What foramina does the ophthamic division of CN V go through?

A

superior orbital fissure

61
Q

What foramina does the maxillary divison of CN V go through?

A

foramen rotundum

62
Q

What foramina does the mandibular division of CN V go though?

A

foramen ovale

63
Q

The principle sensory nucleus detects:

A

discriminative touch of the face

64
Q

The spinal trigeminal nucleus detects:

A

pain and temperature of the face

65
Q

The mesencephalic nucleus detects:

A

proprioception from masticators the mediate muscle reflexes

66
Q

The motor nucleus detects/does:

A

motor innervation to masticating muscles

67
Q

sensory nucleo from the trigeminal nerve go to:

A

VPM of the thalamus, and then to the cerebral cortex

Organ Systems 3 Exam 3 (3 decks)

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