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Organ Systems 3 Exam 3 > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

0
Q

What is the purpose of the spinal cord in motor programs?

A

Executive control over motor neurons

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1
Q

What and where are motor neurons, what do they do?

A

Alpha motor neurons, in the spinal stem, ventral horn of the spinal cord. They are the final pathway for all motor commands

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2
Q

What higher order structures of the brain generate motor programs?

A

Association cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

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3
Q

In what three areas would one find upper motor neurons? What do they project to?

A

Cerebral cortex, reticular formation, vestibular nuclei. They project to cranial nerve nuclei and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the two types of lower motor neurons?

A

Alpha and delta

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5
Q

How are alpha motor neurons arranged?

A

Arranged somatotopically in the ventral horn

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6
Q

What is the basic reflex arc?

A

Sensory neuron –> (dorsal horn) inter neuron–> motor neuron

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7
Q

Are interneurons stimulators or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory (renshaw 1a inhibitory interneurons)

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8
Q

What two reflexes are tested clinically?

A 
Superficial reflexes (flexor withdrawal, pain response. Tests brain stem, transcortical and propriospinal pathways)
Deep tendon reflexes (stretch and tension reflex using 1a, II, Ib afferent pathways to elicit or inhibit muscle contraction)
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9
Q

What are muscle spindles and what do they detect?

A

Intrafusal fibers, parallel to extramural fibers and surrounded in CT. They respond to changes in muscle length and velocity by stimulating primary (Ia) and secondary (II) afferent neurons

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10
Q

How do spindle neurons work?

A

Na/Ca physically gated channels connected to each other by spectrin open when the muscle is stretched, allowing influx of ions and AP to travel through the axon

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11
Q

The patellar tap tests the integrity of what reflex?

A

The myotactic stretch reflex

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12
Q

What is the jendrassik maneuver?

A

Holding hands against each other to distract the patient during testing of the myotactic reflex

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13
Q

What is reciprocal innervation?

A

Relaxation if antagonist muscles during agonist muscle contraction

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14
Q

What is the function of gamma motor neurons? How do they work?

A

Regular muscle spindle sensitivity by contracting around the muscle ends of the spindles. This tonically (not passively stretches the spindle, making Ia fibers more sensitive)

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15
Q

How are game motor neurons controlled?

A

Brain and brain stem (as speed and difficulty of the movement increase, spindle sensitivity is increased)

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16
Q

Golgi tendon organs regulate:

A

Muscle tension

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17
Q

What is the inverse myotactic reflex? How does it work?

A

IIb fibers in the GTOs stimulate excitatory interneurons to antagonist muscles and inhibitory interneurons to agonist fibers

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18
Q

The flexor withdrawal (crossed extensor) reflex involves what neurons?

A

Propriospinal, interneurons and a motor neurons

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19
Q

What are two purposes of the propriospinal system?

A

Integrating intersegmental motor responses (eg walking)

Mediates regulatory impact of upper limb cutaneous stimulation on lower limb motor reflexes

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20
Q

Where are propriospinal neurons located?

A

Medial and lateral ventral horn

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21
Q

What are medial propriospinal neurons, what do they do?

A

Long propriospinal axons that span the whole spinal cord. Regulate proximal, axial muscles and posture

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22
Q

What are lateral propriospinal neurons, what do they do?

A

Short propriospinal neurons that regulate distal muscles for independent control of fine movements

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23
Q

What are some function of upper motor neurons?

A

Fine motor control, posture balance

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24
Q

The motor cortex forms three tracts. What are they and where do they go?

A

Corticospinal to the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Corticonuclear to cranial nerve nuclei
Corticoreticular tract to the pontine and medullary reticular formation

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25
Q

What are the four descending motor pathways?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tracts

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26
Q

What is the corticonuclear tract, what does it control?

A

Motor Neurons that join with the cranial nerve nuclei, control muscles of the face, head and neck

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27
Q

What two tracts does the corticospinal tract turn into? Where does this happen and what kinds of motor neurons are involved?

A

The lateral and ventral (anterior) spinal tract. This occurs at the pyramids (and decussation of the pyramids) in the medulla. Alpha and gamma motor neurons are involved

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28
Q

Which corticospinal tract contains the 10% of uncrossed neurons and controls posture of the neck and trunk?

A

Ventral (anterior) corticospinal tract

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29
Q

Which corticospinal tract contains 90% crossed neurons and controls fine movement?

A

Lateral corticospinal tracts

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30
Q

What are the three extrapyramidal pathways?

A

Corticoreticular, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibulospinal tract? How does it work?

A

To maintain posture and balance. Information from semicircular canals, saccule, utricle go to the medulla go to the spinal cord to activate extensors of the lower limb and Flexors of the upper limb

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32
Q

Of the lateral and medial vestibular nuclei pathways, which is purely ipsilateral, courses to the lower limbs and is mainly in the ventral part of the spinal cord?

A

The lateral vestibular nucleus

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33
Q

Of the lateral and medial vestibular nuclei, which contains pathways both ipsilateral and controlateral and controls mainly thoracic, axial and neck muscles?

A

The medial vestibular nucleus

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34
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

Complex posture, muscle tone, orienting, stretching

35
Q

Which reticulospinal tract comes from the pons, facilitates voluntary movements, increases muscle tone and “anti-gravity” posture?

A

Medial (anterior) reticulospinal tract

36
Q

Which reticulospinal tract comes from the medulla inhibits voluntary action and reduces muscle tone?

A

Lateral reticulospinal tract

37
Q

What is the purpose and pathway of the corti reticular pathway?

A

Smoothes out movements. Neurons from the primary motor and ore motor cortices project to medullary and pontine reticular formations, reticulospinal tracts.

38
Q

Lesions of alpha motor neurons cause what kind of paralysis?

A

Flaccid paralysis

39
Q

What are the two kinds of paralysis?

A

Spastic and flaccid paralysis

40
Q

What causes a decrease in fine motor control after a stroke to the motor cortex?

A

Disruption if the lateral corticospinal tracts

42
Q

What causes spasticity after a stroke to the motor cortex?

A

Disruption of cortical projections to the reticular formation that would normally smooth actions. Leads to hypertonicity, hyperreflexia. Also. Loss of cortical control over vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts –> antigravity posture

43
Q

What is babinskis sign?

A

after stroke or in newborns, stroking the sole of the foot elicits fanning of the toes

44
Q

What four aspects of muscle movement does the primary motor cortex do?

A

force, direction, extent and speed of movemets

45
Q

Which motor area is somtotopically designed (homunculus)?

A

the primary motor cortex

46
Q

What is the purpose of motor association areas like the supplemental and premotor cortices?

A

develop strategies/intent for motor programs, send intent to the primary motor cortex for implementation

47
Q

What part of the cortex is involved in generating sequences of motions, transforming kinematic into dynamic information?

A

the supplementary cortex- transforms kinematic information (distance, angles) into dynamic info (force, tension necessary) for the primary motor cortex

48
Q

What part of the cortex encodes intention for movement and is sensitive to behavioral context?

A

the premotor cortex

49
Q

Where is Broca’s area? what is Broca’s area?

A

premotor cortex, encodes motor preparation for speech

50
Q

What is the “efference copy”?

A

the motor cortex not only receives information but send info back to the visual, auditory and SS (posterior parietal) cortices to integrate sensory information with the expected sensation that will occur with movement

51
Q

What does self-recognition depend on?

A

the forward model: combination of efference copy, actual sensory feedback and the internal model of body dynamics to estimate the state of the body

52
Q

What is self-agency and what generates it?

A

the sense that you are causing the action- generated by matching of the efference copy and the subject intentions

53
Q

What is self-ownership and what causes it?

A

the sense that you are the one undergoing an experience- generate by correspondence of sensory feedback with these intentions

54
Q

What is mirroring?

A

capturing and understanding the actions of self and others at an involuntary level. mirror neurons unify action perception and execution, respond to both observed and executed actions

55
Q

What are the two heirarchically organized systems in the motor cortex that manage self-other distinctions?

A
  1. preparation and execution of motor actions that are self realized an voluntary
  2. mirroring
56
Q

Where is the “core mirror area”?

A

inferior premotor cortex and inferior parietal cortex

57
Q

When does activity in the mirror area increase?

A

when the context of an observed action reveals context

58
Q

Where is the area of the brain that responds solely to intention- not just action or context?

A

in the dorsal sector of the inferior prefrontal cortex (pars opercularis) where mirror activity is often seen

59
Q

What separates the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

the central vermis

60
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the pons?

A

cerebellar peduncles

61
Q

What are the three major lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior, posterior and the flocculonodular lobe

62
Q

What is a general pathway of information in the cerebellum?

A

afferent neurons (spinocerebellar and inferior olive) –> granule cells –> interneurons –> purkinje cells –> deep nuclei in the cerebllar white matter (fastigial, interposed -globose and eboliform- and dentate)–>thalamus/cortex

63
Q

What neurons in the cerebellum generate programs to transform sensory informaiton into motor coordinate systems?

A

interneurons such as basket and golgi cells

64
Q

Where do purkinje cells receive sensory input from?

A

inferior olive and spinocerebellar tracts

65
Q

What are three cerebellar functions?

A

motor, executive-cognitive, somato-visceral

66
Q

What are the three longitudinal zones of the cerebellum?

A

vestivulocerebellar, spinocerebellar, cerebrocerebellar

67
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum receive informaiton from? Where does it project to?

A

from the vestibular system, projects to vestibular nuclei in the medulla

68
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

coordinate eye movements, posture, balance and enhances vestibulo-ocular reflex

69
Q

Where does the spincerebellum recieve input from? Where does it project to?

A

from the spinal cord (spinocerebellar tracts) and cerebral cortex via the pons. to the thalamus/cortex, fastigial and interposed nuclei

70
Q

What does the spinocerebellum do?

A

feedback control for ongoing movements, compares input to find discrepancies in internal/external representations of the world (compares efference copy to sensory input)

71
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum communicate with?

A

the cerebral cortex (and vice versa) via the dentate nucleus

72
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

initiate and anticipate voluntary movements- plan, learn and precise skilled movements.

73
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

inability to control range of movement

74
Q

what is decomposition of movement?

A

inability to correclty sequence fine coordinated acts

75
Q

what is ataxia?

A

lack of smoothly coordinated movements, combination of dysmetria and decomposition of movement

76
Q

what is dysarthria?

A

inability to articulate words correctly, with slurring, inappropriate phasing

77
Q

what is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

inability to perform rapid alterating movements

78
Q

what is hypotonia?

A

decreased muscle tone

79
Q

what is nystagmus?

A

involuntary rapid movement of the eyeball in all directions

80
Q

what is scanning speech?

A

slow enunciation with a tendency to hesitate at the beginning of words. an ataxia of speech. prominent rhythm changes

81
Q

what is tremor?

A

rhythmic, oscillatory movement of a limb as it approaches a target or of proximal structures during weight bearing or fixed posture

82
Q

What parts of the brain does alcohol affect (long and short term?)

A

prefrontal cortex (impulsivity, behavior), limbic system (memory) and cerebellum (motor syndrome)

83
Q

What does the DUI test for?

A

dysmetria and ataxia

84
Q

autism is associated with low development of:

A

the vermis

85
Q

dyslexia is associated with what abnormailites?

A

high/low volume of the vermis, caudate and putamen

86
Q

What are 4 ore features of cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome?

A
  1. executive (planning, reasoning, strategy formation)
  2. spatial (visual-spatial organization and memory)
  3. affective (personality change, inappropriate laughter, pathological laughing/crying)
  4. linguistic difficulties
87
Q

what are some somatovisceral effects of vermis dysfunction?

A

bradycardia, respiratory alkalosis, hyperventilation with gait ataxia

Organ Systems 3 Exam 3 (3 decks)

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