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Neurobiology > Somatic Sensory System > Flashcards

Somatic Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Comprises specialized nerve cells that respond to stimuli within or outside the body

A

Sensory Receptors

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2
Q

What is the job of sensory receptors?

A

Convert stimulus energy to electrical energy –> action potentials.

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3
Q

What means that a sensory signal reached CNS?

A

Perception

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4
Q

Nervous system responsible for taking in information from the environment and relaying it to the CNS.

A

Sensory System

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5
Q

Basic Pathway of Sensory System.

A

Stimulus Energy –> Transduction –> Sensory Receptor –> Output to CNS —> Perception

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6
Q

Overview of somatic sensations conveying to the CNS and the brain?

A

receptor endings –> mechanosensory afferent fiber –> dorsal root ganglion cells –> then travels up the spine.

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7
Q

The pathway depends on modality. What are the two types of modalities?

A

Discriminative touch.

Pain and Temperature

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8
Q

What are the First Order Neurons?

A

Mechanosensory Receptors From the Lower Body

Mechanosensory Receptors From the Upper Body

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9
Q

What are the Second Order Neurons?

A

Cuneate Nucleus

Gracil Nucelus

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10
Q

What are the Third Order Neurons?

A

Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus of Thalamus

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11
Q

Where does discriminative touch cross?

A

High in the Medulla Oblongata

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12
Q

Mechanosensory receptors from the upper body come in the level of?

A

Cervical Spinal Cord

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13
Q

Mechanosensory receptors from the lower body come in the level of?

A

Lumbar Spinal Cord

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14
Q

Gracile nucleus (pathways from _______ ________)

A

Lower Body

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15
Q

Cuneate nucleus (pathways from _______ _______)

A

Upper Body

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16
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

2nd order neurons projecting axons across the midline

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17
Q

Where does 2nd order nuerons synapse? What general location?

A

Caudal medulla (Gracile or Cuneate)

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18
Q

Where is the primary somatic sensory cortex located?

A

Post-Central gyrus

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19
Q

What is the dividing line of the brain?

A

Central Sulcus

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20
Q

Pathway for the face to the primary somatic sensory?

A

Mechanosensory receptors from face (Trigeminal ganglion) –> principal nucleus of trigeminal complex –> medial lemniscus –> trigeminal lemiscus –> Thalamus –> Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex

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21
Q

Somatosensory cortex is subdivided into ________ ______?

A

Brodmann’s Areas

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22
Q

What are the four areas of Brodmann?

A

1
2
3a
3b

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23
Q

What does cutaneous mean?

A

sensations coming through the skin

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24
Q

What does proprioceptive mean?

A

Where your body is in space. (sensations coming through the muscles, tendons)

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25
Q

What areas are cutaneous?

A

1 and 3b

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26
Q

What area(s) are proprioceptive?

A

3a

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27
Q

What area(s) are both cutaneous and proprioceptive?

A

2

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28
Q

What is the order of the areas from anterior to posterior?

A

3a
3b
1
2

29
Q

Info from body comes through ______ of the thalamus?

A

VPL (Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus)

30
Q

Info from face comes through _______ of the thalamus?

A

VPM (Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus)

31
Q

Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex: Number of neurons (or size of the cortex) is not proportional to ?

A

the size of that part of the body

32
Q

Somatic sensory system sensory receptors specialized to transduce?

A

mechanical (kinetic) energy

33
Q

Stimuli leads to ?

A

Deformation (changes in the shape of the cell membrane of the receptor)

34
Q

Deformation leads to ?

A

Changes in the conductance of nerve ending

35
Q

What causes changes in the conductance of nerve endings?

A

Altering the permeability of ion channels

36
Q

What causes changes in the membrane?

A

Stimuli (Mechanically gated channels open)

37
Q

After deformation what will you get?

A

A receptor (generator) potential

38
Q

What is a receptor potential?

A

Changes of the membrane potential of the receptor.

39
Q

What will cause an action potential?

A

Receptor potential is threshold or suprathreshold.

40
Q

Action potential is conducted?

A

Centrally

41
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

Conversion of stimulus energy to electrical energy

42
Q

Receptors are ?

A

Transducers

43
Q

CNS interprets stimulus ______ and _______.

A

quality and quantity.

44
Q

What does it mean by quality?

A

What and where the stimulus is.

45
Q

What is quality determined by? (two things)

A
  1. Type of receptor responding

2. Location of central target

46
Q

What does it mean by quantity?

A

Strength of stimulus

47
Q

What is quantity determined by?

A

Frequency of action potentials

48
Q

Quality of stimulus is the # of ______ ______ _____ that respond to a stimulus.

A

Different receptor cells

49
Q

Receptive Field =

A

Area of skin that sensory neuron innervates (is supplied)

50
Q

Receptive fields are usually small when ?

A

High receptor density

51
Q

Two-point discrimination:

A

Method of measuring minimal distance needed to sense two different and simultaneous stimuli.

52
Q

What two things does the two-point discrimination depend on?

A
  1. Receptor density

2. Receptive fields

53
Q

Sensory Adaptation:

A

Size of receptor potential and frequency of AP can decline if the stimulus persists

54
Q

What are the two types of receptor classification based on response to enduring stimuli?

A

Phasic

Tonic

55
Q

Phasic:

A

Rapidly Adapting

56
Q

Tonic:

A

Slowly Adapting

57
Q

Phasic responds to ________ stimuli.

A

Dynamic

58
Q

What are the major subsystems of the SSS?

A

Mechanosensory

Pain/Thermal

59
Q

Mechanosensory:

A

Detects mechanical stimuli

Receptors have nerve endings encapsulated in CT to modulate inputs

60
Q

Pain/Thermal

A

Detects painful and thermal stimuli

Receptors have free nerve endings

61
Q

In mechanosensory external stimuli receptors are found in?

A

Skin

62
Q

In mechanosensory internal stimuli receptors are found in?

A

Muscles, joints, bonds and other deep tissues

63
Q

Internal stimuli has to do with?

A

Proprioception

64
Q

Examples of encapsulated nerve endings.

A

Meissner corpuscle

Merkel cell

65
Q 
Myelinated Type AB fibers
Dermal papillae of glabrous skin
Encapsulated by Schwann Cells
Most common mechanoreceptor fo glabrous kin
Stimulus - Light touch
Phasic
A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

66
Q 
Myelinated Type AB fibers
Dermis of glabrous skin
Encapsulated
Stimulus - Deep touch, ticklish (response)
Phasic
A

Pacinian Corpuscle

67
Q 
Myelinated Type AB fibers
Dermis of glabrous skin, ligaments and tendons
Encapsulated
Stimulus -Stretch
Tonic
A

Ruffini’s Corpuscles

68
Q

Myelinated Type AB fibers
Location - In epidermis (Deep folds)
Encapsulated and in close apposition to modulating cell that secretes neuromodulator
Stimulus - Shapes, edges, and rough textures
Tonic

A

Merkel’s Disk

69
Q

List (of most used to least used) receptor to read braille.

A

Merkel Cell
Meisnner Corpuscle
Ruffini Corpuscle
Pacianian Corpuscle

Neurobiology (4 decks)

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