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Anatomy Test 2 > Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What structurally composes nervous system?

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord

PNS- peripheral nervous system- nerve fibers and cell bodies outside CNS that conduct impulses to or away from CNS

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2
Q

What funcitonally composes nervous system

A
  • Somatic nervous system (SNS)- voluntary system
    • carries sensation from skin and joints
    • supplies innervation to skeletal muscle
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)-involuntary/visceral nervous system
    • innervates smooth muscle, glands, viscera
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3
Q

What is the structure and function of neurons??

A
  • Dendrites carry impulses to cell body
  • Axons carry impulses away from cell body
  • Some have layers of lipid and protein (myelin sheath) that increase velocity and impulse conduction
  • Communicate with eachother via synapses via release of NT
    • excite/inhibit another neuron to continue/terminate impulse
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4
Q

What are the various types of neuron cells

A
  1. Bipolar neurons
  2. Unipolar neurons
  3. Multipolar neurons
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5
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A
  • “Special” sensory: found in olfactory epithelium, retina, inner ear
  • interneurons of spinal cord
  • one dendrite and one axon
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6
Q

What are unipolar (psudounipolar) neurons?

A

“General” sensory neurons of PNS

Found in spinal and cranial nerve ganglia

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7
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Most common in CNS

Motor cells in anterior and lateral horns of spinal cord and autonomic ganglion cells

Multiple dendrites and only one axon (motoneuron)

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8
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Glial cells

More abundant than neurons

Nonneuronal, nonexcitable scaffolding of nervous tissue

  • Support, insulate and nourish neurons
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9
Q

What is structure of peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Consists of nerve fibers/axons and nerve cell bodies that connect CNS with peripheral structures
  • Axons either myelinated (schwann cells) or unmyelinated (schwann cells that do not produce myelin)
  • Collection of nerve bodies outside of CNS is called ganglia
    • ​Ganglia can be either motor or sensory
  • Contains cranial (12 pairs) or spinal nerves (31 pairs)
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10
Q

What is structure of CNS? Difference in gray/white matter? Difference in gray/white matter in brian v spinal cord?

A
  • Collection of nerve cell bodies called a NUCLEUS
    • ​GRAY MATTER
  • Bundle of nerve fibers/axons connecting neighboring or distanc nuclei is called a TRACT
    • FORMS WHITE MATTER
  • Spinal cord: gray matter internal H (butterfly) with dorsal/posterior and ventral/anterior gray horns, surrounded by white matter
  • Brain: gray matter surrounds white matter
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11
Q

Where is gray matter in spinal cord? White matter?

A

Gray matter (nucleus/cellbodies) is internal H with dorsal/posterior and ventral/anterior gray horns

Surrounded by white matter (tracts)

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12
Q

Where is gray/white matter in brain?

A

Gray matter surrounds white matter

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13
Q

A tract is ___ ___

A

white matter

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14
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies inside CNS is called a ____ and it is ___ ___

A

nucleus; gray matter

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15
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A
  • Voluntary nervous system
  • Composed somatic parts CNS and PNS
  • Provides general sensory and motor innervation to all parts of body
    • excpet: viscera in body cavities, smooth muscle and glands
      *
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16
Q

What do the general somatic sensory fibers transmit? Another name for them?

A

Afferent fibers that transmit sensations of touch, pain, temperature and position FROM sensory receptors

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17
Q

What do general somatic motor fibers do? Another name for them

A

Efferent fibers that stimulate skeletal (voluntary) muscle exclusively

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18
Q

How are laminae of spinal cord divided?

A

10 laminae

I-VI= dorasal gray matter= somatic sensory fibers

VII-IX ventral gray matter= somatic motor fibers

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19
Q

What are the somatic sensory fibers located in the spinal cord (which laminae)?

A

I-VI laminae, dorsal gray matter= somatic sensory fibers

  • Dorsal root of spinal nerve carries afferent sensory signals
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20
Q

What are somatic motor fibers located?

A

VII-IX laminae, ventral gray matter= somatic motor fibers

  • Ventral root of spinal nerve carries EFFERENT motor signals
  • Laminae X surrounds central canal and contains neuroglial cells and does nto play role in relay of info
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21
Q

What are the tracts of the spinal cord?

A
  • White matter contains axons of ascending and descending tracts
    • Ascending contains sensory
    • Descending contains motor
  • Divided into dorsal, lateral and ventral column
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22
Q

Which tracts are senosry/afferent tracts?

A
  • Dorsal column: Gracilis and Cuneatus
  • Lateral spinothalamic tract
  • ventral spinothalamic tract
  • tract lissaeur
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23
Q

What is the dorsal column tract?

A

Gracilis and Cuneatus

  • Sensory/Afferent
  • Fine touch and proprioception (vibration)
  • Huge and myelinated
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24
Q

What is lateral spinothalamic tract?

A
  • Sensory/afferent tract
  • pain (nocioceptive) and temperature (why you feel “burning” sensation first when you cut your finger)
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25
What is ventral spinothalamic tract?
* Sensory/afferent * Crude touch and pressure
26
What is tract lissauer?
Part of spinothalamic tract
27
What makes up the anterolateral spinothalamic tract?
Ventral and Lateral spinothalamic tracts
28
What is the lateral corticospinal tract?
Motor/efferent Control limb motor
29
What is ventral corticospinal tract?
Motor/efferent Posture motor
30
How are tracts named?
Name of tract vies clue to function * 1st half tell where tract begins * 2nd half tells hwere tract ends * Corticospinal (cortex--\> spine= motor) * Spinothalamic --\> spine to thalamus= sensory
31
Each sensory pathway consists of ___ neurons
three
32
What does 1st order sensory neuron do?
Links peripheral nerve to spinal cord/brainstem
33
What does 2nd order sensory neuron do?
Links spinal cord or brainstem to subcortical structure in brain
34
What does 3rd order neuron do (sensory)
LInks subcoritcal structure to cerebral cortex of brain
35
How many neurons compose motor pathways?
2
36
What are the 2 neurons in motor pathway?
Cerebral cortex to VENTRAL horn of spinal cord Ventral horn of spinal cord to NMJ descending neuron
37
3 Details of dorsal column- medial lemniscal system
* Tranmits fine touch, proprioception, vibration, pressure * High levle of localization (detecting fly on finger), discrimination * Large, myelinated, very fast conducting fibers
38
1st order neuron for dorsal column?
Enters spinal cord via dorsal root ganglion; relays sensory from dorsal column to medulla. Ascends spinal cord on **IPSILATERAL** side. Synapses on medulla
39
Pathway of 2nd order neuron for dorsal column?
Crosses to contralateral side medulla then ascends to thalamus via medial lemniscus. Synapses in thalamus
40
Pathway of 3rd order neuron for dorsal column?
Continues ot somatosensory cortex; postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe in brain
41
3 facts for anterolateral spinothalamic tract?
* Transmits pain and temperature (lateral portion); crude touch and pressure (ventral portion) * Smaller myelinated, slower conducting fibers * Not able to localize as well, poor discrimination (itch on back)
42
Pathway of 1st order neuron for anterolateral spinothalamic tract?
Enters spinal cord via dorsal root ganglion. May then ascend or descend 1-3 levels on **ipsilateral side** via Lissauer tract vefore synpase with 2nd order neuron in dorsal laminae 1, IV, V, VI. Pain neurons synapse in substantia gelatinosa- lamina II and III
43
Pathway of 2nd order neuron for anterolateral spinothalamic tract?
* Crosses to **contralateral** side spinal cord, ascends toward brian via either anterior or lateral spinothalamic tracts * Synapses in thalamus (skips medulla)
44
Pathway for 3rd order neuron anterolateral spinothalamic tract?
Thalmus to somatosensory cortex, postcentral gyrus, or parietal lobe
45
What is the postcentral gyrus?
Primary somatosensory cortex
46
What is organization of somatosensory cortex?
* Sensory input of areas of body closer to the core are located more lateral in somatosensory cortex (nose/tongue/lip) * Sensory input of areas of body that are far away from core are located more midline in somatosensory cortex (limbs/foot/hand/knee) * Relative size of neurons dedicated to area is shown by size picture of homunculus
47
48
What are other motor pathways outside of corticospinal tract known as?
Extrapyramidal tracts (think of extrapyramidal movmeents seen in ALS or Cerebral palsy)
49
Pathway of motor neurons in corticospinal tract?
Motor neurons exit precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, tavel through the pyramids of the medulla * Lateral corticospinal tract- cross over to contralateral side in medulla, then descend the spinal cord via lateral corticospinal tract. Fibers innervate limbs * Ventral corticospinal tract- remain on ipsilateral side as descends ventral corticospinal tract. Must cross over to contralateral side in spinal cord in cervial/upper thoracic area. Fibers innervate the axial muscles
50
What is the upper motor neuron of corticospinal tract?
Cerebral cortex to ventral horn of spinal cord
51
Injury above the level of medulla in corticospinal tract results in paralysis on which side of body?
paralysis on opposite side of body
52
Injury below level of decussation in uper motor neuron of corticospinal tract results in?
Paralysis on same side of body
53
When the subset of neurons in upper motor neuron of corticospinal tract (that inhibit lower motor nuerons form firing too frequently), become injured, then what results?
Spastic paralysis and positive babinski sign from loss of inhibitory neurons
54
What is location of lower motor neurons in corticospinal tract?
Ventral horn to NMJ
55
Injury to lower motor neuron on corticospinal tract causes?
Injury results in paralysis on SAME side of body Flaccid paralysis and negative babinski sign because inhibitory neurons are intact.
56
What is primary motor center of brain?
Primary motor cortex
57
What is the organization of primary motor cortex?
* Motor input to areas of body that are far from core are more midline in motor cortex * Motor input to areas of the body closer to the core are located more laterally in motor cortex
58
What types of fibers compose autonomic nervous system?
* Visceral efferent (motor) fibers that stimulate smooth (involuntary) muscle in walls of blood vessels and organs, conducting system of heart and glands * sympathetic(thoracolumbar) divison * parasympathetic (craniosacral) division * Visceral afferent (sensory) fibers that conduct pain impulses from internal organs and help regulate viscerla functions
59
Visercal efferent (sympathetic/parasympathetic division) contain a ___ neuron system
two pre and post synaptic neuron
60
Cell body of presynaptic neuron of visceral efferent is located in ?
gray matter of CNS
61
Cell bodies of second neuron of visceral efferent (parasym/sympathetic) reside in autonomic ganglia \_\_\_\_\_
outside the CNS Postsynaptic axons terminate on effector organ
62
Cell bodies of presynaptic neurons of sympathetic visceral motor innervation is located in ______ \_\_\_\_ in gray matter of spinal cord
intermediolateral cell columns
63
Location of sympathetic visceral motor innervation on spinal cord?
Thoracolumbar region- 1st thoracic and 2/3rd lumbar segments of spinal cord
64
Cell bodies of postsynaptic neurons of sympatethic visceral motor innervation are located on _____ or _____ ganglia
prevertebral ; paravertebral
65
Paravetebral ganglia in SNS are linked to form what?
Right and left sympathetic trunks/chain on each side of vertebral column
66
What are prevertebral ganglia?
Plexuses that surround main branches of abdominal aorta
67
Relative length of SNS neurons?
Short pre, long post
68
Sympathetic stimulation results in wide range of responses- not well \_\_\_\_\_
localized
69
The adrenal (suprarenal) gland contains medullary cells that act as what?
Postsynaptic neuron
70
What are some effects of sympathetic visceral motor innervation?
* Fight or flight * Skin: vasoconstriction, increases sweat gland activity, hair stands on ends, effects quick * Head: inhibit lacrimal, nasal, salivary glands (dry mouth), stimulates eye muscle to dilate * Thoracic organs: incrase HR, dilate BV that supply heart, dilate respiratory air tracts, inhibits muscles and glands of esophagus * Gut: inhibits activity of muscles nad glands in viscera * Pelvis: inhibits urination, defaction, promotes ejaculation * Adrenal medulla: secrete great quantities of excitatory hormones into blood
71
Where are parasympathetic cell bodies located?
2 areas in CNS: 1. CNS: cranial gray matter of brainstem 2. Sacral: gray matter of spinal cord craniosacral division
72
What is cranial parasympathetic outflow?
Cell bodies located in gray matter of brainstem, fibers exit CNS within cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) * Provides paraympathetic innervation to head * vagus nerve (X) provides main innervation to thoracic and abdominal viscera to left colonic flexure
73
What is the sacral parasympathetic outflow?
Cell bodies in gray matter of sacral segments of spinal cord (S2-S4), exit via anterior roots * provides parasympathetic innervation to pelvic viscera, sigmoid colon and rectum
74
Relative size of neurons in parasympathetic system
Presynaptic long, post synaptic short
75
Effects of parasympathetic stimulation are very ____ and more ____ than sympathetic
specific; localized
76
What are some effects of parasympaethtic visceral motor innervation
* Gastric and intestin: smooth muscle contraction for peristalsis, increased secretion for digestion, allows for defacation and urination, vomiting and swallowing reflexes * Eye: constriction of pupils * Respiratory: coughing reflex * Cardiac: decreases in HR and force of contraction
77
What is visceral afferent:
* Sensory fibers that conduct pain impulses from internal organs to help regulate visceral functions * Responsible for autonomic reflexes * changes in BP, HR and RR
78
What do visceral afferent fibers monitor for?
* Stretch * Temperature * Chemical changes/irritation Interpreted as hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, weel-being Referred pain- visceral pain ID'ed/perceived as originating form skin or outer body
79
Where do visceral afferent pathways travel?
Centrally along sympathetic fibers

Anatomy Test 2 (3 decks)

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