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Anatomy Test 2 > Cranium, Brain, Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranium, Brain, Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The carnium is made up of ___ bones

A

22

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2
Q

2 main parts of cranium?

A
  • Neurocranium- 8 bones
    • cranial vault- holds brain, cranial meninges, cranial nerves and vaculature
  • Viscerocranium- 15 bones
    • facial skeleton: anterior part of cranium and consists of bones surrounding mouth, nose and orbits
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3
Q

What bones make up neurocranium?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Ethmoid
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Occipital
  5. (2)Temporal
  6. (2)Parietal
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4
Q

What bones make up viserocranium?

A
  1. Mnadible
  2. Ethmoid ** *(in both neurocranium and viserocranium)
  3. Vomer
  4. (2) maxilla
  5. (2) inferior nasal concha (turbinates)
  6. (2) zygomatic
  7. (2) palatine
  8. (2) nasal
  9. (2) lacrimal
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5
Q

What are the 4 sutures of the cranium? When do they start to or fully close?

A
  • Metopic suture (typically closes 3-9 months of age)
  • Coronal suture- full fusion around age 24
  • Sagittal suture- begins to close at age 29, completely closed by age 35
  • Lamboid suture- full fusion may never occur but typically between ages 30-40
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6
Q

What forms the sella turcica?

A
  • Tuberculum sellae (anteriorly)
  • Hypophyseal fossa (medially)
    • pituitary gland
  • Dorsum sellae (posteriorly)

AKA “turkish saddle”

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7
Q

What is contained in anterior cranial fossa? What features are inside?

A

Frontal lobe of brain

  • Cribiform foramina in ciribform plate
    • axons of olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerve (CNI)
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8
Q

What forms middle cranial foassa? What contents are located there?

A

Temporal bones (sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones)

Features:

  • Optic canals-
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Foramen spinosum
  • Foramen lacerum
  • Carotid canal
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9
Q

What contents are in the optic canals?

A

optic nerves (CNII) and ophthalmic arteries

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10
Q

What contents are in superior orbital fissure?

A
  • opthalmic veins
  • opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
  • oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
  • trochlear nerve (CNIV)
  • abducens (CNVI)
  • sympathetic fibers
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11
Q

What contents are in foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

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12
Q

What contents are in foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular nerve CN V3

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13
Q

What contents are in foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery/vein

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14
Q

How to remember foramen rotundum, ovale and spinosum?

A

ROS is sitting in bottom of brain

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15
Q

What contents are in foramen lacerum?

A
  • Nothing passes through but opening is traversed by internal carotid artery
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16
Q

What contents are in the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery, sympathetic fibers

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17
Q

What contents form posterior cranial fossa? What is located inside the fossa?

A

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Inside:

  • Foramen magnum
  • Jugular foramen
  • Hypoglossal canal
  • Internal auditory meatus
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18
Q

What contents are in foramen magnum

A
  • Spinal cord and meninges, vertebral arteries, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
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19
Q

What contents are in jugular foramen?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • Vagus nerve (CN X)
  • Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
  • Internal jugular vein
  • inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
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20
Q

What contents are ?in hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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21
Q

What contents are in internal auditory meatus?

A
  • Facial (CN VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII)
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22
Q

What are the functions of the cranial meninges?

A
  • Coverings of the brain that lie immeditaely internal to cranium
  • Protect and enclose brain in fluid-filled cavity, the subarachnoid space
  • FOrm the supporting framework for arteries, vines, and venous sinuses
    *
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23
Q

What the layers/spaces in between and characteristics of each?

A

3 membranous connectiv tissue layers (with space in between)

  • dura mater- tough, thick external fibrous layer
  • subdural space- potential space
  • arachnoid mater- thin, nonvascular, intermediate layer
  • subarachnoid space- contains CSF
  • pia mater- delicate internal vascular layer
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24
Q

What forms the dura mater?

A
  • Two layered membrane that is adherent to internal surface of the cranium
    • External periosteal layer- becomes part of bone
    • Internal meningeal layer
      • continuous at the foramen magnum with dura covering the spinal cord
      • Reflects away the periosteal layer of dura to form dural infoldings (reflections)
        • divide the cranial cavity into compartments and suppor parts of brain
      • Four dural inforldings: falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli and diaphragma sellae
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25
What are the dural partitions?
1. Falx cerebri 2. Tentorium cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli 4. Diaphragma sellae
26
What is the falx cerebri?
* Largest dural infolding * separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
27
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
* Dural partition * Separates the occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum * Divides the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments
28
What is the falx cerebelli?
Partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres
29
What is the diaphragma sellae?
Circular extension that forms a partial roof over hypophyseal fossa
30
What is main vascular artery of dura?
* Middles meningeal artery * branch of maxillary artery which is terminal branch of external carotid artery * Enters the middle cranial fossa though the **foramen spinosum** * Rupture may lead to epidural hematoma- "talk and die"
31
What is innervation of dura?
* Innervation is largely supplied by 3 branches (V1, V2, V3) of cranial nerve V (Trigeminal) * anterior and middle, some posterior fossa * small amount innervation by C2 and C3 fibers which are conveyed by CN X (vagus) and CN XII (hypoglossal) * provides posterior fossa * Explains why there is little pain associated with intracranial surgeyr once dura has been resected
32
What are characteristics of arachnoid mater?
* Closely applied ot dura but held in place by pressure of CSF in subarachnoid space * Avascular * Contain prolongations that protrude through the dura mater into the dural sinuses called arachnoid granulations (villi) * transfer CSF to the venous sytem
33
What does subarachnoid space contain? What is special about this space?
* Contains CSF and arachnoid trabeculae which pass between the arachnoid and pia mater * only non-pathological meningeal space * (epidural space and subdural space do not naturally exist unless in pathology; hemorrhage)
34
What is pia mater?
Thin, highly vascularized Adheres to the contour of the brain
35
Epidural hematomas are:
rapidly expanding with arterial blood
36
Subdural hematomas are:
slowsly expanding with venous blood
37
What are the physical features present on the brain?
Gyri (Folds) Sulci (grooves) fissures (clefts)
38
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? What do their lie, what are their functions?
* Frontal--\> occupies anterior cranial fossa, contains primary motor cortex * Temporal--\> occupies the lateral parts of middle fossa, contains hearing cortex * Parietal--\> lies between frontal and occipital lobs, contains primary sensory cortex * Occipital--\> extends posteriorly over the tentorium cerebelli, contains visual cortex
39
What is the dienscephalon?
* Central core of brain * Composed of epithalamus (pineal gland), thalamus and hypothalamus * surrounds 3rd ventricle
40
What is the midbrain?
* Uppermost area of brainstem, gives rise to CN III and IV * Cavity forms the cerebral aqueduct, that conducts CSF from lateral and 3rd ventricles to 4th ventricle
41
What is the pons?
* Part of brainstem that lies between midbrain and medulla oblongata, gives rise to CN V * Cavity in the pons forms the upper portion of the 4th ventricle
42
What is the medulla oblongata?
* Most caudal part of brainstem, continuous with spinal cord * gives rise to CN IX, X, XII * CN VI and VIII at juntion of medulla oblongata and pons * Cavity of medulla oblongata forms the inferior part of 4th ventricle
43
What is cerebellum?
* Lies beneath tentorium cerebelli * receives information form sensory system, spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movement
44
Where is CSF produces, how much a day?
* Produced by choroid plexus located all four ventricles * 400-500 mL/day
45
Flow of CSF?
* 2 lateral ventricles which open into 3rd via interventricular foramina (of munro)--\> * Continues into third ventricle that lies between halves of diencephalon and continuous with cerebral aqueduct---\> * Fourth ventricle then tapers into a narrow channel that continues inot the spinal cord as the central canal * CSF drains form 4th ventricle though single median aperture (of Megendie) and paired lateral apertures (of Luschka) into subarachnoid space * if thses become blocked---\> csf builds up and distends ventricle system
46
How is CSF absorbed?
Arachnoid granulations (villi) into the venous sytem
47
What provides vasculature of brain?
* Internal carotid and vertebral arteries * Receives 1/6 of cardiac output * Consums 1/5 of body's oxygen at rest?
48
Internal carotid pathway, terminal branches?
* Arise from common carotid * Enters cranial cavity through carotid canals * exits into cranial cavity passing over foramen lacerum * terminal branches are the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
49
Pathway of vertebral arteries?
* Arise from SCL arteries * enters cranial cavity thorugh the foramen magnum
50
Vertebral arteries form together to make\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
basilar artery
51
Where does posterior inferior cerebellar artery feed?
Posterior inferior aspect of cerebellum
52
What does anterior inferior cerebellar artery feed?
anterior, inferior side of cerebellar
53
Where do pontine arteries feed?
Pons
54
Where does superior cerebellar artery feed?
Superior aspect of cerebellum
55
Where does posterior cerebral artery feed?
Posterior cerebral brain
56
What forms circle of willis?
* Posterior cerebral artery * posterior communicating artery * middle cerebral artery * anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery
57
What kind of sensory or motor information do cranial nerves contain?
* Somatic efferent (motor): voluntary striated muscle * Visceral efferent (motor): glands, involuntary smooth muscle, autonomic nervous system- PSNS (CN III, VII, IX, X) * General viseral afferent: sensation form viscera * General somatic sensory: sensation form skin and mucus membrane (CN V, VII, IX, X) * Special sensory: taste, smel, vision, hearing, balance
58
Olfactory nerve function, exits via?
* CNI * Function: Special sensory olfaction, smell from nasal mucosa * Exit: foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
59
Optic nerve? Action, exits? CN #?
CN II * Special sensory: vision * Main action: vision from retina * Exit: optic canal * Crosses at optic chiasma
60
Oculomotor? CN #, components, main action, cranial exit?
* CN III * Component: * somatic motor: all muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus * all except 2 * Visceral motor: parasympathetic to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles in eye--\> constricts pupil and accomodates lens of eye (ciliary ganglion) * Exit: superior orbital fissure
61
Trochlear nerve? Component? Action? Exit?
CN IV * Component: somatic motor * Action: superior oblique muscle of eye * Exit: superior orbital fissure
62
Abducens? Component? Action? Exit?
* Component: somatic motor * Action: lateral rectus muscle of eye * Exit: superior orbital fissure
63
How to remember muscle innervation of CN IV and VI?
SO4 LR6 * Superior orbital CN IV * Lateral recturs CN VI
64
Injury to superior oblique eye muscle casues?
Diplopia when looking down
65
Injury to lateral rectus eye muscle causes?
Inability to abduct the eye in the affected side
66
Pathway of sympathetic innervation of the eye?
* Presynpatic sympathetic fibers originate T1-T3, * Travel to **superior cervical chain ganglion** and **synapse** with post here * Postsynpatic sympathetic fibers then travel with internal carotid artery, pass through ciliary ganglion into the short ciliary nerve into the eye * Causes dilation
67
What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
* Ophthalmic (CN V1) * Maxillary (CN V2) * Mandibular (CN V3)
68
What does the ophthalmic nerve coveer? Where does it exit?
* CN V1 * Exits via superior orbital fissue * **General somatic sensory** from cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
69
Where does maxillary nerve cover? Component? Main action? Exit?
* CN V2 * Component: General somatic sensory * Action: sensation from skin of face over maxilla, upper lip, maxillary teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, palate, nasopharynx * Exits: foramen rotundum
70
Where does mandibular nerve cover?
* CN V3 * Exits via foramen ovale * **General somatic sensory-** skin over mandible, lower lip, side of head, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth, anterior 2/3 of tongue * **Somatic motor** to muscles of mastication
71
What components does the facial nerve supply?
CN VII * **Somatic motor-** muscles of facial expression, stapediues of middle ear, stylohyoid and digastrc muscles of neck * terminal branches: posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical * **Special sensory- taste** anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate * **General somatic sensory-** sensation from skin of external acoustic meatus * **Visceral motor-** parasympathetic innervation to * pteygopalantine ganglion for innervation to lacrimal, nasal, pharngeal and palatine glands * via submandibular ganglion for innervation to sublingual and submandibular salivery glands
72
Where does facial nerve exit?
Internal acoustic meatus; fascial canal; stylomastoid foramen
73
Facial nerve contains a sharp bend called \_\_\_\_
geniculum of the facial nerve Contains geniculate ganglion (sensory component of CN VII)
74
Pterygopalantine ganglion innervated...
lacrimal, nasal, pharyngeal, palantine blands (visceral motor)
75
Submandibular ganglion innervates
sublingual and submandibular salivary glands (visceral motor, CN VII)
76
Paraysmpathetic pathway of CN VII for lacrimal gland
* Comes in on great petrosal nerve * Synapses at pterygopalatine ganglion * joins with lacrimal nerve of V1 * Innervates lacrimal gland-- \> increase tear production
77
Parasympathetic pathway for CNVII for sublingual and submandibular gland?
* Chorda tympani nerve branch of facial nerve, joins with lingual nerve * Synapse on submandibular ganglion * Postsynaptic to submandibular and sublingual gland to increase saliva
78
Sympathetic innervation of CN VII
* Presynpatic comes through superior cervical ganglion and synapses with postsynaptic fiber * One division along facial artery, passes through submandibular ganglion * provides sympathetic innervation to lingual glands * Other dividison continues with internal carotid nerve, passese through pterygopalatine ganglion via deep petrosal nerve--\> lacrimal gland to decrease tear production
79
Taste pathway facial nerve VII?
* Anterior 2/3 toungue * continues on chorda tympani nerve up to nucleus of brain
80
Vestibulochochlear nerve?
CN VIII * Vestibular * exits via internal acoustic meatus * Special sensory for **balance** and equilibrium from semicircular ducts * Cochlear * exits via internal acoustic meatus * Special sensory of **hearing** form the spiral organ
81
Glossopharyngeal nerve components?
CN IX * Exits via jugular foramen * **SOMATIC MOTOR** * **​**stylopharyngeus muscle to assist with swallowing, responsible for gag reflex * **GENERAL SOMATIC SENSORY**- to external ear, oropharynx, and middle ear * cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia * **SPECIAL SENSORY** - taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue * cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia * **VISCERAL MOTOR** * **​**Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland via otic ganglion * **VISERAL SENSORY-to** carotid body (O2) and sinus (pressure) * cell bodies contained within superior and inferior ganglia
82
Parasympathetic pathway of CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve * Lesser petrosal nerve--\> otic ganglion and synapse with post * auricular temporal N (post synaptic at otic ganglion) * to parotid gland to increase saliva
83
Vagus nerve components? Actions? Exits?
* Exits via jugular foramen * **Somatic motor-** constrict muscles pharynx, intrinsic muscle larynx, muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini) stirated muscle in superior 2/3 of esophagus * **General somatic sensation -** auricle, external acoustic meatus and dura mater of posterior cranial fossa * **Special sensory-** taste from epiglottis and palate * **visceral motor-** parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trahea, bronchi, digestive tract, cardiac muscle * **viscerla sensory-** sensory form base of tongue, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach and intestine
84
Spinal accessory nerve? Components, action, exits?
CN XI * Exits via jugular foramen * **Somatic motor** to sternoclediomastoid and trapezuis muscle
85
Hypoglossal nerve? Components, action, exits?
CN XII * Exits via hypoglossal canal * **Somatic motor**- to extrinsic muscles- styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus (except palatoglossues) and intrinsic muscles of tongue via lingual branches * provides superior root of the Ansa cervicalis to supply the infrahyoid muscles
86
Oculomotor nerve PSNS pathway?
CN III * Presynaptic: oculomotor nerve * Synapse: ciliary ganglion * Postynaptic: short ciliary nerves * Action: PSNS to eye; constricts pupil and accommodates lens
87
Facial PSNS pathway?
VII **GREATER PETROSAL NERVE** * Presynaptic- greater petrosal nerve (no synapse at geniculate ganglion) * synapse- pterygopalatine ganglia * postsynaptic- zygomaticotemperoal nerve joins the lacrimal nerve of V1 * action- psns lacrimal gland and glands of palate **CHORDA TYMPANI NERVE** * Chorda tympani nerve joins lingual nerve of CN V3 (no synapse at geniculate ganglion) * Synape- submandibular ganglia * Postsynaptic- continues to sublingual and submandibular glands * Action: PSNS to sublingual and submandibular glands
88
Glossopharyngeal PSNS pathway?
* Presynaptic- lesser petrosal nerve * SYnapse- otic ganglion * postsynaptic- auricotemporal nerve * Action: PSNS to parotid gland

Anatomy Test 2 (3 decks)

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