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Anatomy Test 2 > Cranium, Brain, Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranium, Brain, Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The carnium is made up of ___ bones

A

22

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2
Q

2 main parts of cranium?

A
  • Neurocranium- 8 bones
    • cranial vault- holds brain, cranial meninges, cranial nerves and vaculature
  • Viscerocranium- 15 bones
    • facial skeleton: anterior part of cranium and consists of bones surrounding mouth, nose and orbits
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3
Q

What bones make up neurocranium?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Ethmoid
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Occipital
  5. (2)Temporal
  6. (2)Parietal
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4
Q

What bones make up viserocranium?

A
  1. Mnadible
  2. Ethmoid ** *(in both neurocranium and viserocranium)
  3. Vomer
  4. (2) maxilla
  5. (2) inferior nasal concha (turbinates)
  6. (2) zygomatic
  7. (2) palatine
  8. (2) nasal
  9. (2) lacrimal
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5
Q

What are the 4 sutures of the cranium? When do they start to or fully close?

A
  • Metopic suture (typically closes 3-9 months of age)
  • Coronal suture- full fusion around age 24
  • Sagittal suture- begins to close at age 29, completely closed by age 35
  • Lamboid suture- full fusion may never occur but typically between ages 30-40
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6
Q

What forms the sella turcica?

A
  • Tuberculum sellae (anteriorly)
  • Hypophyseal fossa (medially)
    • pituitary gland
  • Dorsum sellae (posteriorly)

AKA “turkish saddle”

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7
Q

What is contained in anterior cranial fossa? What features are inside?

A

Frontal lobe of brain

  • Cribiform foramina in ciribform plate
    • axons of olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerve (CNI)
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8
Q

What forms middle cranial foassa? What contents are located there?

A

Temporal bones (sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones)

Features:

  • Optic canals-
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Foramen spinosum
  • Foramen lacerum
  • Carotid canal
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9
Q

What contents are in the optic canals?

A

optic nerves (CNII) and ophthalmic arteries

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10
Q

What contents are in superior orbital fissure?

A
  • opthalmic veins
  • opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
  • oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
  • trochlear nerve (CNIV)
  • abducens (CNVI)
  • sympathetic fibers
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11
Q

What contents are in foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

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12
Q

What contents are in foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular nerve CN V3

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13
Q

What contents are in foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery/vein

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14
Q

How to remember foramen rotundum, ovale and spinosum?

A

ROS is sitting in bottom of brain

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15
Q

What contents are in foramen lacerum?

A
  • Nothing passes through but opening is traversed by internal carotid artery
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16
Q

What contents are in the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery, sympathetic fibers

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17
Q

What contents form posterior cranial fossa? What is located inside the fossa?

A

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Inside:

  • Foramen magnum
  • Jugular foramen
  • Hypoglossal canal
  • Internal auditory meatus
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18
Q

What contents are in foramen magnum

A
  • Spinal cord and meninges, vertebral arteries, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
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19
Q

What contents are in jugular foramen?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • Vagus nerve (CN X)
  • Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
  • Internal jugular vein
  • inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
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20
Q

What contents are ?in hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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21
Q

What contents are in internal auditory meatus?

A
  • Facial (CN VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII)
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22
Q

What are the functions of the cranial meninges?

A
  • Coverings of the brain that lie immeditaely internal to cranium
  • Protect and enclose brain in fluid-filled cavity, the subarachnoid space
  • FOrm the supporting framework for arteries, vines, and venous sinuses
    *
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23
Q

What the layers/spaces in between and characteristics of each?

A

3 membranous connectiv tissue layers (with space in between)

  • dura mater- tough, thick external fibrous layer
  • subdural space- potential space
  • arachnoid mater- thin, nonvascular, intermediate layer
  • subarachnoid space- contains CSF
  • pia mater- delicate internal vascular layer
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24
Q

What forms the dura mater?

A
  • Two layered membrane that is adherent to internal surface of the cranium
    • External periosteal layer- becomes part of bone
    • Internal meningeal layer
      • continuous at the foramen magnum with dura covering the spinal cord
      • Reflects away the periosteal layer of dura to form dural infoldings (reflections)
        • divide the cranial cavity into compartments and suppor parts of brain
      • Four dural inforldings: falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli and diaphragma sellae
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25
Q

What are the dural partitions?

A
  1. Falx cerebri
  2. Tentorium cerebelli
  3. Falx cerebelli
  4. Diaphragma sellae
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26
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A
  • Largest dural infolding
  • separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
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27
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A
  • Dural partition
  • Separates the occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
  • Divides the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments
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28
Q

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

Partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres

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29
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A

Circular extension that forms a partial roof over hypophyseal fossa

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30
Q

What is main vascular artery of dura?

A
  • Middles meningeal artery
    • branch of maxillary artery which is terminal branch of external carotid artery
    • Enters the middle cranial fossa though the foramen spinosum
    • Rupture may lead to epidural hematoma- “talk and die”
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31
Q

What is innervation of dura?

A
  • Innervation is largely supplied by 3 branches (V1, V2, V3) of cranial nerve V (Trigeminal)
    • anterior and middle, some posterior fossa
  • small amount innervation by C2 and C3 fibers which are conveyed by CN X (vagus) and CN XII (hypoglossal)
    • provides posterior fossa
  • Explains why there is little pain associated with intracranial surgeyr once dura has been resected
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32
Q

What are characteristics of arachnoid mater?

A
  • Closely applied ot dura but held in place by pressure of CSF in subarachnoid space
  • Avascular
  • Contain prolongations that protrude through the dura mater into the dural sinuses called arachnoid granulations (villi)
    • transfer CSF to the venous sytem
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33
Q

What does subarachnoid space contain? What is special about this space?

A
  • Contains CSF and arachnoid trabeculae which pass between the arachnoid and pia mater
    • only non-pathological meningeal space
      • (epidural space and subdural space do not naturally exist unless in pathology; hemorrhage)
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34
Q

What is pia mater?

A

Thin, highly vascularized

Adheres to the contour of the brain

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35
Q

Epidural hematomas are:

A

rapidly expanding with arterial blood

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36
Q

Subdural hematomas are:

A

slowsly expanding with venous blood

37
Q

What are the physical features present on the brain?

A

Gyri (Folds)

Sulci (grooves)

fissures (clefts)

38
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? What do their lie, what are their functions?

A
  • Frontal–> occupies anterior cranial fossa, contains primary motor cortex
  • Temporal–> occupies the lateral parts of middle fossa, contains hearing cortex
  • Parietal–> lies between frontal and occipital lobs, contains primary sensory cortex
  • Occipital–> extends posteriorly over the tentorium cerebelli, contains visual cortex
39
Q

What is the dienscephalon?

A
  • Central core of brain
  • Composed of epithalamus (pineal gland), thalamus and hypothalamus
    • surrounds 3rd ventricle
40
Q

What is the midbrain?

A
  • Uppermost area of brainstem, gives rise to CN III and IV
  • Cavity forms the cerebral aqueduct, that conducts CSF from lateral and 3rd ventricles to 4th ventricle
41
Q

What is the pons?

A
  • Part of brainstem that lies between midbrain and medulla oblongata, gives rise to CN V
  • Cavity in the pons forms the upper portion of the 4th ventricle
42
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Most caudal part of brainstem, continuous with spinal cord
  • gives rise to CN IX, X, XII
  • CN VI and VIII at juntion of medulla oblongata and pons
  • Cavity of medulla oblongata forms the inferior part of 4th ventricle
43
Q

What is cerebellum?

A
  • Lies beneath tentorium cerebelli
  • receives information form sensory system, spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movement
44
Q

Where is CSF produces, how much a day?

A
  • Produced by choroid plexus located all four ventricles
  • 400-500 mL/day
45
Q

Flow of CSF?

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles which open into 3rd via interventricular foramina (of munro)–>
  • Continues into third ventricle that lies between halves of diencephalon and continuous with cerebral aqueduct—>
  • Fourth ventricle then tapers into a narrow channel that continues inot the spinal cord as the central canal
    • CSF drains form 4th ventricle though single median aperture (of Megendie) and paired lateral apertures (of Luschka) into subarachnoid space
      • if thses become blocked—> csf builds up and distends ventricle system
46
Q

How is CSF absorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations (villi) into the venous sytem

47
Q

What provides vasculature of brain?

A
  • Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
  • Receives 1/6 of cardiac output
  • Consums 1/5 of body’s oxygen at rest?
48
Q

Internal carotid pathway, terminal branches?

A
  • Arise from common carotid
  • Enters cranial cavity through carotid canals
  • exits into cranial cavity passing over foramen lacerum
  • terminal branches are the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
49
Q

Pathway of vertebral arteries?

A
  • Arise from SCL arteries
  • enters cranial cavity thorugh the foramen magnum
50
Q

Vertebral arteries form together to make____ ____

A

basilar artery

51
Q

Where does posterior inferior cerebellar artery feed?

A

Posterior inferior aspect of cerebellum

52
Q

What does anterior inferior cerebellar artery feed?

A

anterior, inferior side of cerebellar

53
Q

Where do pontine arteries feed?

54
Q

Where does superior cerebellar artery feed?

A

Superior aspect of cerebellum

55
Q

Where does posterior cerebral artery feed?

A

Posterior cerebral brain

56
Q

What forms circle of willis?

A
  • Posterior cerebral artery
  • posterior communicating artery
  • middle cerebral artery
  • anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery
57
Q

What kind of sensory or motor information do cranial nerves contain?

A
  • Somatic efferent (motor): voluntary striated muscle
  • Visceral efferent (motor): glands, involuntary smooth muscle, autonomic nervous system- PSNS (CN III, VII, IX, X)
  • General viseral afferent: sensation form viscera
  • General somatic sensory: sensation form skin and mucus membrane (CN V, VII, IX, X)
  • Special sensory: taste, smel, vision, hearing, balance
58
Q

Olfactory nerve function, exits via?

A
  • CNI
  • Function: Special sensory olfaction, smell from nasal mucosa
  • Exit: foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
59
Q

Optic nerve? Action, exits? CN #?

A

CN II

  • Special sensory: vision
  • Main action: vision from retina
  • Exit: optic canal
  • Crosses at optic chiasma
60
Q

Oculomotor? CN #, components, main action, cranial exit?

A
  • CN III
  • Component:
    • somatic motor: all muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus
      • all except 2
    • Visceral motor: parasympathetic to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles in eye–> constricts pupil and accomodates lens of eye (ciliary ganglion)
  • Exit: superior orbital fissure
61
Q

Trochlear nerve? Component? Action? Exit?

A

CN IV

  • Component: somatic motor
  • Action: superior oblique muscle of eye
  • Exit: superior orbital fissure
62
Q

Abducens? Component? Action? Exit?

A
  • Component: somatic motor
  • Action: lateral rectus muscle of eye
  • Exit: superior orbital fissure
63
Q

How to remember muscle innervation of CN IV and VI?

A

SO4 LR6

  • Superior orbital CN IV
  • Lateral recturs CN VI
64
Q

Injury to superior oblique eye muscle casues?

A

Diplopia when looking down

65
Q

Injury to lateral rectus eye muscle causes?

A

Inability to abduct the eye in the affected side

66
Q

Pathway of sympathetic innervation of the eye?

A
  • Presynpatic sympathetic fibers originate T1-T3,
  • Travel to superior cervical chain ganglion and synapse with post here
  • Postsynpatic sympathetic fibers then travel with internal carotid artery, pass through ciliary ganglion into the short ciliary nerve into the eye
  • Causes dilation
67
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Ophthalmic (CN V1)
  • Maxillary (CN V2)
  • Mandibular (CN V3)
68
Q

What does the ophthalmic nerve coveer? Where does it exit?

A
  • CN V1
  • Exits via superior orbital fissue
  • General somatic sensory from cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
69
Q

Where does maxillary nerve cover? Component? Main action? Exit?

A
  • CN V2
  • Component: General somatic sensory
  • Action: sensation from skin of face over maxilla, upper lip, maxillary teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, palate, nasopharynx
  • Exits: foramen rotundum
70
Q

Where does mandibular nerve cover?

A
  • CN V3
  • Exits via foramen ovale
  • General somatic sensory- skin over mandible, lower lip, side of head, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth, anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Somatic motor to muscles of mastication
71
Q

What components does the facial nerve supply?

A

CN VII

  • Somatic motor- muscles of facial expression, stapediues of middle ear, stylohyoid and digastrc muscles of neck
    • terminal branches: posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical
  • Special sensory- taste anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate
  • General somatic sensory- sensation from skin of external acoustic meatus
  • Visceral motor- parasympathetic innervation to
    • pteygopalantine ganglion for innervation to lacrimal, nasal, pharngeal and palatine glands
    • via submandibular ganglion for innervation to sublingual and submandibular salivery glands
72
Q

Where does facial nerve exit?

A

Internal acoustic meatus; fascial canal; stylomastoid foramen

73
Q

Facial nerve contains a sharp bend called ____

A

geniculum of the facial nerve

Contains geniculate ganglion (sensory component of CN VII)

74
Q

Pterygopalantine ganglion innervated…

A

lacrimal, nasal, pharyngeal, palantine blands (visceral motor)

75
Q

Submandibular ganglion innervates

A

sublingual and submandibular salivary glands (visceral motor, CN VII)

76
Q

Paraysmpathetic pathway of CN VII for lacrimal gland

A
  • Comes in on great petrosal nerve
  • Synapses at pterygopalatine ganglion
  • joins with lacrimal nerve of V1
  • Innervates lacrimal gland– > increase tear production
77
Q

Parasympathetic pathway for CNVII for sublingual and submandibular gland?

A
  • Chorda tympani nerve branch of facial nerve, joins with lingual nerve
  • Synapse on submandibular ganglion
  • Postsynaptic to submandibular and sublingual gland to increase saliva
78
Q

Sympathetic innervation of CN VII

A
  • Presynpatic comes through superior cervical ganglion and synapses with postsynaptic fiber
  • One division along facial artery, passes through submandibular ganglion
  • provides sympathetic innervation to lingual glands
  • Other dividison continues with internal carotid nerve, passese through pterygopalatine ganglion via deep petrosal nerve–> lacrimal gland to decrease tear production
79
Q

Taste pathway facial nerve VII?

A
  • Anterior 2/3 toungue
  • continues on chorda tympani nerve up to nucleus of brain
80
Q

Vestibulochochlear nerve?

A

CN VIII

  • Vestibular
    • exits via internal acoustic meatus
    • Special sensory for balance and equilibrium from semicircular ducts
  • Cochlear
    • exits via internal acoustic meatus
    • Special sensory of hearing form the spiral organ
81
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve components?

A

CN IX

  • Exits via jugular foramen
  • SOMATIC MOTOR
    • ​stylopharyngeus muscle to assist with swallowing, responsible for gag reflex
  • GENERAL SOMATIC SENSORY- to external ear, oropharynx, and middle ear
    • cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia
  • SPECIAL SENSORY - taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
    • cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia
  • VISCERAL MOTOR
    • ​Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland via otic ganglion
  • VISERAL SENSORY-to carotid body (O2) and sinus (pressure)
    • cell bodies contained within superior and inferior ganglia
82
Q

Parasympathetic pathway of CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

  • Lesser petrosal nerve–> otic ganglion and synapse with post
  • auricular temporal N (post synaptic at otic ganglion)
  • to parotid gland to increase saliva
83
Q

Vagus nerve components? Actions? Exits?

A
  • Exits via jugular foramen
  • Somatic motor- constrict muscles pharynx, intrinsic muscle larynx, muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini) stirated muscle in superior 2/3 of esophagus
  • General somatic sensation - auricle, external acoustic meatus and dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
  • Special sensory- taste from epiglottis and palate
  • visceral motor- parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trahea, bronchi, digestive tract, cardiac muscle
  • viscerla sensory- sensory form base of tongue, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach and intestine
84
Q

Spinal accessory nerve? Components, action, exits?

A

CN XI

  • Exits via jugular foramen
  • Somatic motor to sternoclediomastoid and trapezuis muscle
85
Q

Hypoglossal nerve? Components, action, exits?

A

CN XII

  • Exits via hypoglossal canal
  • Somatic motor- to extrinsic muscles- styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus (except palatoglossues) and intrinsic muscles of tongue via lingual branches
    • provides superior root of the Ansa cervicalis to supply the infrahyoid muscles
86
Q

Oculomotor nerve PSNS pathway?

A

CN III

  • Presynaptic: oculomotor nerve
  • Synapse: ciliary ganglion
  • Postynaptic: short ciliary nerves
  • Action: PSNS to eye; constricts pupil and accommodates lens
87
Q

Facial PSNS pathway?

A

VII

GREATER PETROSAL NERVE

  • Presynaptic- greater petrosal nerve (no synapse at geniculate ganglion)
  • synapse- pterygopalatine ganglia
  • postsynaptic- zygomaticotemperoal nerve joins the lacrimal nerve of V1
  • action- psns lacrimal gland and glands of palate

CHORDA TYMPANI NERVE

  • Chorda tympani nerve joins lingual nerve of CN V3 (no synapse at geniculate ganglion)
  • Synape- submandibular ganglia
  • Postsynaptic- continues to sublingual and submandibular glands
  • Action: PSNS to sublingual and submandibular glands
88
Q

Glossopharyngeal PSNS pathway?

A
  • Presynaptic- lesser petrosal nerve
  • SYnapse- otic ganglion
  • postsynaptic- auricotemporal nerve
  • Action: PSNS to parotid gland

Anatomy Test 2 (3 decks)

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