Solving the Roman question 1861-70 Flashcards
Why did the Italian government want to reduce the Pope’s influence further?
- Syllabus of Errors
- Dogma of Papal infallibility
What caused a Catholic backlash in France in 1860?
Napoleon III failed to stop Cavour from annexing most of the Papal States (except Latium and Rome)
When did the French government decide to keep French troops in Rome?
March 1861
Why was the French presence strengthened in Rome in 1862?
Garibaldi unsuccessfully attempted to take Rome in 1862
Who negotiated the September Convention in 1864?
Victor Emmanuel and Napoleon III
What were the terms of the September Convention?
- the Pope could raise an army of 10,000 and the French would leave within 2 years
- Italy would not attack Rome, and instead move their capital to Florence
Why was Napoleon in favour of the September Convention?
- guarding Rome was expensive
- ideologically disagreed with the Pope
What unfortunate consequence did the September Convention have?
- riots in Turin, killing 23 people
- Minghetti sacked
When did Florence become the capital?
April 1865
As per the September Convention, when did the last French troops leave?
December 1866
Why did the French return to Rome in 1867?
Garibaldi attempted to take Rome a second time
How many men from his “party of action” did Garibaldi gather for his 1862 attempt on Rome?
4,000
How was Garibaldi defeated (and shot in the foot) at Aspromonte in 1862?
- Garibaldi: 2,000 men
- Government: 3,500 men
- Garibaldi’s men didn’t wish to fight against ‘fellow Italians’
Why was Garibaldi’s 1862 attempt embarrassing for the Italian government?
they had wounded and imprisoned a nationalist hero
What did the September Convention force Garibaldi to do?
- he escaped from house arrest on Caprera and gathered his men to “capture Rome and abolish the Pope”
- took 8,000 men
Where was Garibaldi defeated by the French on November 3rd 1867? how?
- Mentana
- France was equipped with modern breech-loading rifles
Why did no uprising take place against the Pope in 1867?
the Church was economically and spiritually vital to the residents of the Papal States
Why did the French finally withdraw their troops from Rome in 1870?
Franco-Prussian War
What was the initial plan of Victor Emmanuel II in relation to the final annexation of Rome?
the Italian Army would peacefully enter Rome, and offer protection to the Pope
In response to the letter by Victor Emmanuel II, what was the reaction by Pius IX?
“I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!”
When did the Italian Army cross the papal frontier?
11th September 1870
When did the Italian Army reach the Aurelian Walls?
19th September 1870
What did Pius IX do in response to the Italian army’s invasion?
ordered his troops to put up a token resistance
When was the Porta Pia (gate of the Aurelian Walls) breached?
20th September 1870
How many were killed during the annexation?
- 49 Italian soldiers
- 4 Italian officers
- 19 Papal soldiers
When were Rome and Latium finally annexed by plebiscite?
2nd October 1870
What was the result of the Plebiscite?
- Yes: 133,681
- No: 1,507
When was the capital finally shifted from Florence to Rome?
July 1871
Before the September Convention, aside from Florence, what other candidates for capital city were there?
Milan, Naples
Why was Napoleon III in a difficult position?
- had to protect the Pope in order to maintain French Catholic support
- Alienating the Italians would result in them turning to Britain, reducing French influence
How was Piedmont’s anticlerical legislation extended to the south? how did this contribute to the brigands war?
- 2,000 monasteries closed
- 20,000 monks and friars made homeless (some joined the Brigands)
What was Garibaldi’s slogan?
“Rome or Death”
How many Italian troops were sent to Rome during the 1870 annexation?
50,000
What did the Pope declare himself to be after annexation of Rome?
“Prisoner in the Vatican”
