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Physics RCOA > Solvents, Solutes & Gases in solution > Flashcards

Solvents, Solutes & Gases in solution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect solubility of gases?

A
  • Partial pressure of the gas
  • Temperature of the liquid/gas
  • Type of gas
  • Type of liquid
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2
Q

Describe Henry’s Law

A

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium.

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3
Q

What is the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of a gas in a solution?

A

Higher temperature = less soluble gas in solution.

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4
Q

Which is more soluble O2 or CO2?

A
  • CO2
  • CO2 equilibrates in alveolar capillary more rapidly
  • When diffusion impaired O2 transfer more greatly affected
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5
Q

Which is more soluble N2 or NO2?

A
  • NO2
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6
Q

Why is NO2 contraindicated in pneumothorax?

A

Can increase size
Nitrogen diffuses out more slowly than NO2 enters

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7
Q

Which is more soluble oil or blood in relation to an inhalation agent?

A

Oil

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8
Q

What is the solubility coefficient?

A

The volume of gas that dissolves in a given volume of liquid

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9
Q

What is the Bunsen solubility coefficient?

A

Volume of gas corrected to standard temp/pressure that dissolves in 1unit volume of the liquid.

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10
Q

What are the limitations of the Bunsen solubility coefficient?

A
  • Dependent on pressure ( 1 atmosphere)
  • Requires vol of gas to be corrected to standard conditions
  • Not used in anaesthetic practise
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11
Q

What is the Ostwald solubility coefficient?

A

The volume of gas that dissolves in 1 unit volume of liquid at temp concerned.

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12
Q

What are the advantages of the Ostwald solubility coefficient?

A
  • Independent of pressure
  • Not corrected to STP
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13
Q

What is the partition coefficient?

A

The ratio of the amount of substance present in equal volume phases of liquid & gas in a closed system.

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14
Q

What are the important coefficients when it comes to inhalation agents?

A
  • Blood: Gas = How soluble agent is in blood
  • Oil: Gas = How soluble agent is in oil
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15
Q

What does the blood: gas coefficient influence?

A

Rate of onset of agent

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16
Q

What does the oil: gas coefficient influence?

A

How potent an agent is

17
Q

How is the rate of uptake of an agent described?

A

Ratio of alveolar to inspired concentration over time

18
Q

At equilibrium what is alveolar concentration of an agent equivalent to?

A

Brain concentration

19
Q

What does a high blood: gas solubility coefficient mean?

A

Takes longer to reach equilibrium and therefore slower onset than a poorly soluble agent.
The more soluble the agent the longer it takes to work

20
Q

What is the order of solubility of inhalation agents starting with most.

A

1) Desflurane
2) Sevoflurane
3) Isoflurane
4) Halothane

21
Q

What does a Meyer-Overton graph show?

A

The higher the oil:gas coefficient is the more potent an agent is

22
Q

What are the important features of the Meyer-Overton graph?

A
  • Scales are logs so a line of best fit can be drawn
  • X-axis is MAC which is inversely proportional to potency
  • Not all agents fit the line
23
Q

What is it about particles that influences osmolality & osmolarity?

A
  • Number NOT size/type
24
Q

What is the difference between osmolality & osmolarity?

A
  • Osmolality: The no. of osmoles of solute per kg of solvent
  • Osmolarity: The no. of osmoles of solute per L of solution
25
Q

What is the average plasma osmolarity?

A

300 mOsm/kg

26
Q

How do we measure plasma osmolarity?

A

2 x (Na + K) + Ur + Glu

27
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure a solution containing particles exerts e.g the force that pulls H2O from an area of low to high solute concentration

28
Q

What are colligative properties?

A
  • Osmotic pressure
  • Freezing point
  • Boiling point
  • Solvent vapour pressure
29
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The osmolality due to effective osmoles
Only particles restricted to one compartment influence osmolality and therefore osmotic pressure

30
Q

Which molecules are termed ineffective osmoses?

A
  • Glucose
  • Urea
  • ETOH
31
Q

How are the colligative properties affected by increase in osmolarity?

A
  • Pressure increases
  • Freezing point decreases (by 1.86 degrees)
  • Boiling point increases
  • Solvent pressure decreases
32
Q

How do osmometers measure osmolarity?

A
  • Use colligative properties
  • Most use freezing point depression

Physics RCOA (9 decks)

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