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MCAT gen chem > Solutions > Flashcards

Solutions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are solutions?

A

Solutions are homogenous mixtures of two or more substances that combine to form a single phase, usually liquid.

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2
Q

All solutions can be considered mixtures, but can all mixtures be considered solutions?

A

No

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3
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The component in a solutions that remains the same phase after mixing.

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4
Q

What is a solute?

A

the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.

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5
Q

If two components are the same phase, which one is the solvent?

A

The one with greater quantity, if equal then it is the one more known as a solvent.

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6
Q

What are the three intermolecular interactions between dissolved solutes in solvents?

A

ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bonding

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7
Q

What is solvation?

A

it is the electrostatic interaction between solute and solvent molecules. Also known as dissolutions, or hydration when water is involved.

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8
Q

When is solvation exothermic?

A

Solvation is exothermic when the new interactions are stronger and this process is favored at low temperatures.

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9
Q

What is the ideal solution?

A

When solutions have an overall enthalpy change for dissolution that is close to zero. This occurs with the new interaction is approximately equal or close to the overall strength of the original interaction.

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10
Q

What is the spontaneity of dissolution dependent on?

A

Enthalpy and entropy change.

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11
Q

spontaneous processes are associated with?

A

decrease free energy change

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12
Q

What is entropy?

A

the amount of molecular disorder, or the amount of micro-states. They are freer to move in different ways.

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13
Q

What is solubility?

A

The max amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent at a given temperature.

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14
Q

What is saturation?

A

When the dissolved solute is in equilibrium with its undissolved state, when past the solubility of the solvent.

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15
Q

What does dilute means?

A

When the proportion of solute to solvent is small

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16
Q

What is it called when the proportion of solute to solvent is large?

A

It is concentrated

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17
Q

When the gibbs free energy for a dissolution reaction is negative…

A

The process is spontaneous and said to be soluble.

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18
Q

What are solutes that dissolve minimally in the solvent (under 0.1 M)?

A

Sparingly soluble

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19
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

the solvent is water

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20
Q

What are the general absolute solubility rules in aq solutions?

A

all salts of group 1 metals, and all nitrate salts are soluble.

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21
Q

when are the only times you need to worry about nitrate ion concentration?

A

In oxid-reduc reaction for nitrate can weakly function as an oxidizing agent. In all other cases focus on the cation.

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22
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

refers to a molecule in which a cation is bonded to at least on electron pair donor, also called coordination compound. e donors are ligands.

23
Q

What are coordinate covalent bonds?

A

electron pair donor and electron acceptor for very stable lewis acid-base adducts.

24
Q

What are are coordinate compounds used for?

A

For active sites of proteins, applications in macromolecules as proteins. ex hemoglobin.

25
Q

What is chelation?

A

When the central cation can be bonded to the same ligand in multiple places. Usually requires large compounds that can double back and form second bond with the central cation.

26
Q

What is concentration?

A

it denotes that amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

27
Q

What is percent composition by mass?

A

mas of solute / mass of solution x 100.

28
Q

What is mole fraction (X)?

A

XA = moles of A/total moles of all species .

29
Q

What is molarity defined as?

A

M= moles of solute/ liters of solution

30
Q

What is molality?

A

moles of solute/ kg of solvent .

31
Q

What are special occasions when molality is required?

A

boiling point elevation and freezing point depression

32
Q

What is normality (N)?

A

is equal to the number of equivalents of interest per liter of solution. An equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of the reactive capacity of a molecule. (protons, hydroxide, ion, electrons

33
Q

what is dilution an the equation?

A

MiVi = MfVf. when solvent is added to a solution of higher conc to produce a solution to lower concentration.

34
Q

What is the saturation point?

A

It is the point in a solution where there is equilibrium, where the solute concentration is at its max value for the given temp and pressure

35
Q

When a solution is dilute, what occurs?

A

Dissolution is greater that the rate of precipitation

36
Q

What occurs when a solution is concentrated?

A

The solution moves towards precipitation and saturation .

37
Q

What is the equation for dissociation of a solute in a sovlent?

A

AmBn = mA^n+ (aq) + nB^m- (aq)

38
Q

How is the solubility product constant (Ksp) expressed?

A

Ksp = [A^n+]^m[B^m-]^n

39
Q

Higher pressure favor dissolution for…?

A

gas solutes, therefore Ksp will be larger for gases at higher pressures .

40
Q

What is the difference between IP (ion product) from Ksp?

A

IP focuses on the concentration of ion constituents at a given time, which is different from Ksp that focuses on the equilibrium concentrations.

41
Q

What happens if your IP is less than Ksp?

A

Your solution is unsaturated.

42
Q

How can you tell if a solution is supersaturated?

A

Your IP is greater than your Ksp.

43
Q

When would a solution be considered saturated?

A

When Ksp and IP are equal, and when rates of dissolution and precipitation are equal.

44
Q

What is molar solubility?

A

The molarity of a solute in a saturated solution.

45
Q

What is the constant Kf?

A

The formation or stability constant complex solution. can be defined by Kf = [complex ion]/([ion][ion]) .

46
Q

What is the common ion effect?

A

The reduction of molar solubility due to a solution already containing constituent ions.

47
Q

What are colligative properties?

A

physical properties of solutions that are dependent on the concentration of dissolved particles but not the chemical identity of the dissolved particles. (vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, osmotic pressure)

48
Q

What is Raolt’s law for vapor pressure depression?

A

PA=XAPA* . As a solute is added to a solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases proportionately. PA is the vapor pressure when the solute is present, XA is the mole fraction of solvent A, and PA* is the vapor pressure of Solvent A when it is pure.

49
Q

How do you find molar fraction?

A

solvent mol/total mol .

50
Q

What is boiling point elevation?

A

The temp at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the ambient (incident) pressure . ΔTb = iKbm

51
Q

What is the van ‘t Hoff factor?

A

The number of particles into which a compound dissociates in solution. Usually represented as i .

52
Q

What is the freezing point depression?

A

the temp at which a solution can form its lattice arrangement.
ΔTf = iKfm . Kf is the constant for the solvent at which it freezes.

53
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

It is the sucking pressure generated by solutions in which water is drawn into a solution. Π=iMRT
water moves in the direction of higher solute concentration.

MCAT gen chem (11 decks)

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