solutions Flashcards
solutions
homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
homogeneous molecular dispertion of two of more that two substances the relative properties of whcich may vary between certain limits
componenets
solute and solvent
classification of solution
-on the basis of size of dispersed phase
-on the bases of route of administration
-on the bases of composition and use
-on the basis of vehicle and solvent
-on he basis of physical state of solute and solvent
on the basis of size of dispersed phase
there categories-
1- true solutions: small molecules/ions, particles size is less than 1 x10-6 mm ex) sugar solution
2- collidal solutions: single lare molecules/ion, particle size is from 10-6-10-3mm ex) milk, blood
3- coarse solution: aggreate molecule or ions, particle size is less 1 x 10-3 mm ex) suspenions, emulsions
on the basis of root of administration
oral solutions- a medicine in liuid form for drinking (simple syrup BP or USP)
otic solution- those solutions which are instilled into the ear (oflaxcin otic solution, ciprofloacin and dexamethasane)
opthalamic solution- solutions which are instilled into eyes (tobramycin- treat eye infections, lifitgrastt- dry eye syndrome)
topical solutions- applied on skin (aluminium acetate)
prentaral solutions- olutions, suspentions, emulsions for injections or infusions, powders, gels (calcium soln, dextrose, electrolyte solutions.o
on the basis of vehicle and solvent
-aqeous solutions: these solutions which have water as the solvents (sugar and water, carbon dioxide in water, NaCl in water)
-non-aqeous solutions- these solutions having a solvent that is not water. it could be benzene ether, petrol, carbon, tetrachloride, (sulfur in cabon disulphide)
on the basis of composition and use
syrup- are sweetened, concentrated, aqeous solutions, concentrated solution of sugar and sugar sunstitutes, with or without medicated agents
elixir- pleasently flavoured sweetened hydroalcoholic preparations intended for oral use (3- 70%)
spirit- more than 90%% alcohol
tinctures- hydroalcoholic preparations obtained from natural source or synthesized
injections- a way of administrating a liquid to a person using a needel and syringe
on the basis of physical state of solvent
gas-gase= Air
liquid-gas water in oxygen
solid-gas= iodine vapours in smoke
gas-liquid= carbonated water
liquid-liquid= emulsion/alcohol in water
solid-liquid= NaCL in water
gas-solid= hydrogen on pladium
liquid-solid= amalgan(mercury in gold)
solid-solid alloys (copper and tin)
non-electrolytes
cannot be dissacociated into ions
bad conductirs of electricity
glyerin, urea, sucrose
electrolytes
-which are going to be dissoiated into ions
-good conductors of electricity
-strong elctrolytes (completely dissacociated- HCL)
-weak electrolytes (do not dissacociate completly- ephedrine)
concentration expressions
concentration of solute- amount of solute dissolved in given amount of solvent
the soution concentration can be expressed in:
-percentage expression
-molarity
-molality
-normaliy
-mole fraction
-PPM/PPB
percentage expression
parts of solute in total parts of solutions is equal to 100. ways to calculate:
molarit
no of moles of solute dissolved in 1L solution denoted by ‘M”, mathematically
molality
no of moles of solute dissolved in 1kg of solvent, denoted by ‘m’. mathematically,
nomality
no of gram equivalent of solute in 1L of solution, denoted by ‘N’
