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Dime > Solutions > Flashcards

Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

Positive heat vs negative heat

Solutions

A

+ve Higher temp=higher solubility

-ve higher temp=lower solubility

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2
Q

Factors affect solubility of solutions

A

1-chemical constitution
2-PH of solution
3-additives I vs KI NaI
4-Temperature

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3
Q

Weak bases are soluble in:

Weak acids are soluble in:

A 
Diluted acids
Diluted alkaline(bases)
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4
Q

Salt formation is?———because———

A

Might be advantageous

Because it might increase solubility

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5
Q 
What is the affect of these in aqueous  solubility
Polar groups
Halogens
Branches
High m.wt
A

1-like dissolves like +ve
2- lower the solubility the halogens
3-branches are more soluble +ve
4-High molecular weight is hard to solute -ve

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6
Q

Why we cant use acetone or ether or isopropyl alcohol

A

Because they are very toxic even though they are perfect solvents for organic compounds

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7
Q

Alcohol usp

A 
Ethanol C2H5OH
94.9-96%
Dehydrated contains 99.5%
1-can dissolve many water insoluble 
2-water miscible (solution with water)
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8
Q

FDA REGULATION FOR
less than 6 yrs
6-12
Adults

A

0.05% less than six
5% for yrs 6-12
10% for adults

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9
Q

Diluted alcohol volume 50mlH2O + 50ml ethanol

A

Will give 97ml because it contracts upon mixing by 3%

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10
Q

Rubbing alcohol:
Denaturants and examples
Cautioins
Uses

A

70%alcohol+ preservatives and so on
Denaturants=to prevent accidental use or miss use
Cautions= Volatile and flammable
Uses rubefacient/germicidal/pre injection

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11
Q

Glycerine usp (glycerole)
Charectarestecs
Uses

A 
Charecterstics:clear syrupy
Viscous
Miscible with alcohol and water
Good preservative
Uses:auxiliary with H2O and OH and stabilizer
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12
Q

Isopropyl rubbing alcohol

A 
With or without additives and oil and perfume stabilizers
Uses are EXTERNALLY 
Rubefecant and soothing rub
Viechle for topical
Pre injection
Disinfectant
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13
Q

Propylene glycol

A

Viscous and miscible with alcohol and water

Frequently substituted for glycerine in modern pharmaceutical formulation

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14
Q

Signs of incompatibilites

A

Effervesce
Discoloration
Precipitation

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15
Q

Methods to prepare purified water

A

1-distillation
2-ionization ION EXCHANGE
3-reverse osmosis

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16
Q

Parabens and flavoring oils are an example of

A

Incompatability preservatives and flavors

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17
Q

Teaspoon
2 teaspoons
Tablespoon

A

5ml
10ml
15ml

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18
Q

Example of oral huge dosage drugs

A

Mg citrate 200ml for adults

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19
Q

After reconstitution the solution is stable for — to — days in refregerator

A

7-14

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20
Q

Reconstitution examples

A

Cloxacillin sodium
Penicillin v potassium
Potassium chloride KCL(supplement)

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21
Q

What is the goal for rehydration solutions

A

Not to stop diarrhea but to replace lost water and electolytes

22
Q

What salts do we lose from diarrhea

A

Na
K
Bicarbonate

23
Q

For maximum absorption isotonic solution is needed from: By conc:

A

Glucose concentration=mM60

Sodium concentration=mEq 110

24
Q

One liter of oral rehydration need (substances with mEq)

A 
45 Na+
35 Cl-
30 citrate
25 glucose
20 K+
25
Q

Magnisium citrate

A

Slighltly yellow /clear / effervescent /sweet acidous taste (lemon)
1.55-1.9g in 100ml
Fizzy effect= potassium carbonate or pressured carbon dioxide
Laxative
300ml bottels
Onset 30-2hr

26
Q

Citric acid (sodium citrate)

A

67 mg per 100 citric acid
Maintenance of alkaline urine and gout therapy since crystallization in acidic urine
10-30ml dose

27
Q

Sucrose substitutes

A

Glycogenic
Sorbitol -glycerine- propylene glycol
Non glycogenic
Cellulose methyl and ethyl

28
Q

Taste maskin from…

A

Syrup

29
Q

60-80%
85% +
Syrups

A

60-80 most syrups

85+ requires mo preservative

30
Q

Why saturate syrups are not recommended

A

Might cause crystallization which dilutes the syrup from sucrose and cause M.O to grow

31
Q

Factors that determine the amount of preservative to be used

A

1-the proportion of water for M.O growth
2-the nature and inherit preservative
3-the capability for self preserving

32
Q

Syrups preservation

A

Maintain high sucrose concentration
Storage at low tempreture
Ass preservatives

33
Q

Preservative examples

A

Benzoic acid 0.1-0.2%
Sodium benzoate 0.1-0.2%
Parabins combination —0.1%

34
Q

Flovorsnts

A

Vanillin and volatile oils

35
Q

Over heating whould cause sweeter taste and more suciptable to M.O

A

Excess over-heating would cause in carmelization

36
Q

Solution without heart but vigorously mixing

A

Maximum stability

Time consuming

37
Q

Ipecac syrup

A

Porcelation

38
Q

Elixers vs syrup🫥

A

Elixirs are less sweet and less viscous so bad masking agent compared to syrup
Elixirs have improved solubility because it is hydroalcoholic solution

39
Q

If we have poor solubility elixirs then

A

We add more alcohol

40
Q

Artifical sweetners can be advantegous in alcohol why

A

Because it is slightly soluble in alcohol so not much needed to flavor it

41
Q

Elixers advantages(but its alcoholic -ve)

A

Conveniant dosing

Flexability of adminstration

42
Q

Elixers simple solution with agitation or admixture

A

Admixture by water soluble togather and alcohol solubile togather
After that add water to alcohol to maintain alcohol high conc at all times

43
Q

Examples of elixers

A

Phenobarbital elixirs
Digoxin elixirs
Diphenhydramine

44
Q

Tinctures

A

Use amber glass
Always close tightly
Most not for oral use so advice them

45
Q

Timctures can be sprays that are

Easy for delevary /non invasive/local and systematic

A

They can be use to treat sunburn antiseptic/local anesthetics/ skin protect
Can be through sprays for laryngitis antiseptic
Can be used for foot and fungal infections

46
Q

Burow’s solution(aluminum acetate solution)

A 
Colorless faint acetous odor
A tincture
Use as skin wash or dressing
10-40parts dilution
Comes in tablets or packets of to prepared
47
Q

Calcium hydroxide (limewater)

A 
-ve heat
140mg(Ca(OH)2) per 100ml water
300mg to 100ml 
Then mix 1hr
Don’t remove excess and allow it to settle down 
Only clear supernatent is dispensed
48
Q

Coal tar solutions (LCD solutions)

A 
20% cosl tar
5% polysorbate 80
Black viscous naphtalene like odor
5% poly sorbate prevents seperation of solution
 1:10 to skin with water
49
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

A

H2O2
From reaction of 1-barium oxide with sulpharic or phosphoric acid
2- electromic oxidation of cold concentrated sulfaric acid wich give persulfarice acid that yields hydrogen peroxide
Uses:wond cleanser and germicidal(ant-infective)

50
Q

Why do we use acetanilide with hydrogen peroxide

A

Stabilizer for decomposition

Dime (4 decks)

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