Solutions Flashcards
Positive heat vs negative heat
Solutions
+ve Higher temp=higher solubility
-ve higher temp=lower solubility
Factors affect solubility of solutions
1-chemical constitution
2-PH of solution
3-additives I vs KI NaI
4-Temperature
Weak bases are soluble in:
Weak acids are soluble in:
Diluted acids Diluted alkaline(bases)
Salt formation is?———because———
Might be advantageous
Because it might increase solubility
What is the affect of these in aqueous solubility Polar groups Halogens Branches High m.wt
1-like dissolves like +ve
2- lower the solubility the halogens
3-branches are more soluble +ve
4-High molecular weight is hard to solute -ve
Why we cant use acetone or ether or isopropyl alcohol
Because they are very toxic even though they are perfect solvents for organic compounds
Alcohol usp
Ethanol C2H5OH 94.9-96% Dehydrated contains 99.5% 1-can dissolve many water insoluble 2-water miscible (solution with water)
FDA REGULATION FOR
less than 6 yrs
6-12
Adults
0.05% less than six
5% for yrs 6-12
10% for adults
Diluted alcohol volume 50mlH2O + 50ml ethanol
Will give 97ml because it contracts upon mixing by 3%
Rubbing alcohol:
Denaturants and examples
Cautioins
Uses
70%alcohol+ preservatives and so on
Denaturants=to prevent accidental use or miss use
Cautions= Volatile and flammable
Uses rubefacient/germicidal/pre injection
Glycerine usp (glycerole)
Charectarestecs
Uses
Charecterstics:clear syrupy Viscous Miscible with alcohol and water Good preservative Uses:auxiliary with H2O and OH and stabilizer
Isopropyl rubbing alcohol
With or without additives and oil and perfume stabilizers Uses are EXTERNALLY Rubefecant and soothing rub Viechle for topical Pre injection Disinfectant
Propylene glycol
Viscous and miscible with alcohol and water
Frequently substituted for glycerine in modern pharmaceutical formulation
Signs of incompatibilites
Effervesce
Discoloration
Precipitation
Methods to prepare purified water
1-distillation
2-ionization ION EXCHANGE
3-reverse osmosis
Parabens and flavoring oils are an example of
Incompatability preservatives and flavors
Teaspoon
2 teaspoons
Tablespoon
5ml
10ml
15ml
Example of oral huge dosage drugs
Mg citrate 200ml for adults
After reconstitution the solution is stable for — to — days in refregerator
7-14
Reconstitution examples
Cloxacillin sodium
Penicillin v potassium
Potassium chloride KCL(supplement)
What is the goal for rehydration solutions
Not to stop diarrhea but to replace lost water and electolytes
What salts do we lose from diarrhea
Na
K
Bicarbonate
For maximum absorption isotonic solution is needed from: By conc:
Glucose concentration=mM60
Sodium concentration=mEq 110
One liter of oral rehydration need (substances with mEq)
45 Na+ 35 Cl- 30 citrate 25 glucose 20 K+
Magnisium citrate
Slighltly yellow /clear / effervescent /sweet acidous taste (lemon)
1.55-1.9g in 100ml
Fizzy effect= potassium carbonate or pressured carbon dioxide
Laxative
300ml bottels
Onset 30-2hr
Citric acid (sodium citrate)
67 mg per 100 citric acid
Maintenance of alkaline urine and gout therapy since crystallization in acidic urine
10-30ml dose
Sucrose substitutes
Glycogenic
Sorbitol -glycerine- propylene glycol
Non glycogenic
Cellulose methyl and ethyl
Taste maskin from…
Syrup
60-80%
85% +
Syrups
60-80 most syrups
85+ requires mo preservative
Why saturate syrups are not recommended
Might cause crystallization which dilutes the syrup from sucrose and cause M.O to grow
Factors that determine the amount of preservative to be used
1-the proportion of water for M.O growth
2-the nature and inherit preservative
3-the capability for self preserving
Syrups preservation
Maintain high sucrose concentration
Storage at low tempreture
Ass preservatives
Preservative examples
Benzoic acid 0.1-0.2%
Sodium benzoate 0.1-0.2%
Parabins combination —0.1%
Flovorsnts
Vanillin and volatile oils
Over heating whould cause sweeter taste and more suciptable to M.O
Excess over-heating would cause in carmelization
Solution without heart but vigorously mixing
Maximum stability
Time consuming
Ipecac syrup
Porcelation
Elixers vs syrup🫥
Elixirs are less sweet and less viscous so bad masking agent compared to syrup
Elixirs have improved solubility because it is hydroalcoholic solution
If we have poor solubility elixirs then
We add more alcohol
Artifical sweetners can be advantegous in alcohol why
Because it is slightly soluble in alcohol so not much needed to flavor it
Elixers advantages(but its alcoholic -ve)
Conveniant dosing
Flexability of adminstration
Elixers simple solution with agitation or admixture
Admixture by water soluble togather and alcohol solubile togather
After that add water to alcohol to maintain alcohol high conc at all times
Examples of elixers
Phenobarbital elixirs
Digoxin elixirs
Diphenhydramine
Tinctures
Use amber glass
Always close tightly
Most not for oral use so advice them
Timctures can be sprays that are
Easy for delevary /non invasive/local and systematic
They can be use to treat sunburn antiseptic/local anesthetics/ skin protect
Can be through sprays for laryngitis antiseptic
Can be used for foot and fungal infections
Burow’s solution(aluminum acetate solution)
Colorless faint acetous odor A tincture Use as skin wash or dressing 10-40parts dilution Comes in tablets or packets of to prepared
Calcium hydroxide (limewater)
-ve heat 140mg(Ca(OH)2) per 100ml water 300mg to 100ml Then mix 1hr Don’t remove excess and allow it to settle down Only clear supernatent is dispensed
Coal tar solutions (LCD solutions)
20% cosl tar 5% polysorbate 80 Black viscous naphtalene like odor 5% poly sorbate prevents seperation of solution 1:10 to skin with water
Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
From reaction of 1-barium oxide with sulpharic or phosphoric acid
2- electromic oxidation of cold concentrated sulfaric acid wich give persulfarice acid that yields hydrogen peroxide
Uses:wond cleanser and germicidal(ant-infective)
Why do we use acetanilide with hydrogen peroxide
Stabilizer for decomposition
