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Pharmaceutics > Solubility > Flashcards

Solubility Flashcards

1
Q

explain the energy in bond breaking

A

requires energy and will absorb heat

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2
Q

describe the energy of bond making

A

releases energy and heat

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3
Q

what is the general dissolution net effects

A

absorb heat
positive heat of solution
increase in temperature

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4
Q

is solubility of substance at stated temp constant?

A

yes

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5
Q

what does solubility of ionizable functional groups depend on

A

pH

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6
Q

explain solubility of weak acid barbiturates

A

water soluble salts in alkaline

acidic ph causes free form to come out of solution, much less soluble

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7
Q

both cation and anion monovalent

A

soluble

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8
Q

one ion in a salt is monovalent

A

soluble

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9
Q

both cation and anion multivalent

A

limited water solubility

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10
Q

salts of alkali metals and ammonia

A

water soluble

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11
Q

nitrates, sulfates, halides

A

water soluble

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12
Q

hydroxides and oxides salts

A

not water soluble except for alkali metals and ammonium

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13
Q

phospahtes, carbonates, silicates, borates

A

insoluble excpet for salts of alkali metals and ammonium

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14
Q

molecules with polar functional group soluble up to how many carbons

A

5

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15
Q

branched or straight chained molecules more soluble?

A

branched

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16
Q

increased molecular weight effect on solubility

A

decreases solubility

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17
Q

why is water solubility desirable in liquid dose from

A

dose of drug is in reasonable volume

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18
Q

which dose forms do you want reduced solubility

A

suspensions
organoleptic reasons- mask taste
sustained release

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19
Q

when is a drug considered highly soluble

A

highest dose strength soluble in <250ml water over a pH range of 1-7.5

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20
Q

when is a drug considered highly permeable

A

when extent of absorption is >90% of administered dose

21
Q

class 1 drug

A

soluble and permeable

22
Q

class two drug

A

rate limiting step is solubililty

23
Q

class 3 drug

A

rate limiting step is permeability

24
Q

class 4 drug

A

no solubility or permeability

25
Q

how do you determine what dose:solubility ratio must be

A

less thn the fluid volume of where it is being administered

26
Q

eyedrop d:s

A

less than 0.02ml

27
Q

nasal d:s

A

less than 0.3ml

28
Q

how is solubility related to ionization

A

ionized- water soluble

unionized- insoluble

29
Q

what is the target ph for a formulation

A

+/- 1 ph unit from ph of max solubility

30
Q

what is a salt

A

ionizable drug with ionizable counter ion of opposite charge

31
Q

whats the most common reason for using a salt form

A

enhanced solubility leadin to improved bioavailability

32
Q

what should you consider for counter ion selection

A

pka of conjugate base should be greater than the conjugate acid
common ion effects
hygroscopicity

33
Q

what is hygroscopicity

A

ability to absorb moisture from the air

34
Q

what is the common ion effect

A

adding ions common to the solid will shift the equilibrium back towards the solid and reduce it solubility

35
Q

why is dissolution of salt faster than the parent drug

A

salt can act as its own buffer in the diffusion layer

36
Q

what cosolvents can be used to increase solubility of parenteral drugs and reduce water content to prevent hydrolysis

A

glycerin, alcohol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol

37
Q

define dielectric constant

A

ability of solvent to keep twp charges separate

38
Q

in a mixed solvent how do you determine the dielectric constant

A

multiply volume fraction of each solvent bys its dielectric constant and add them all

39
Q

what do most cosolvent cause

A

local irritation
hemolysis
tissue damage

40
Q

what cosolvents do opthalmic products contain

A

glycerin
polyethylene glycol
propylene glycol

41
Q

what is the cause of phlebitis

A

dilution of product prepared with cosolvents given as iv and drug comes out of solution

42
Q

how do cosolvents affect reaction rates

A

shifr equilibrium between reactants and transition state

43
Q

if the transistion state created by cosolvent is more ionized than reactants how does the cosolvent affect the reaction rate

A

increasing the polarity of the solvent will increase reaction rate, decreasing the polarity of the solvent will decrease the reaction rate

44
Q

what are surfactants

A

molecules with polar and non polar regions

45
Q

what is the critical micelle concentration

A

concentration of surfactant when soluble micelles form

46
Q

what surfactants are used in parenterals

A

tween and cremophor

47
Q

what do complexing agents do

A

incorporate with drug so outer hydrophilic groups of the agent interact with water and make the whole complex soluble

48
Q

what are cyclodextrans

A

molcules with 6,7,8 glucopyranoside units joined through 1-4 bonds

49
Q

what is cyclodextrin used for

A

complexes with lipid soluble drug molecule on the inside to make the whole complex soluble

Pharmaceutics (5 decks)

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