Solids, liquids and gases Flashcards
What is the formula for density?
Density = mass / volume
What units are used to measure mass, volume, and density?
Mass in kg, volume in m³, density in kg/m³
How are particles arranged in dense materials?
Particles are packed closer together
What is the first step in measuring the density of a regular object?
Use a top pan balance to measure the mass
How do you calculate the volume of a solid object?
Measure the sides and calculate using xh x w
What method is used to find the volume of a liquid?
Use a measuring cylinder or syringe
What is the formula to calculate density?
Density = mass / volume
What is the first step in measuring the density of a large irregular object?
Find out the mass using a top pan balance
What is a eureka can used for?
To measure the volume of water displaced by an irregular object
What do you do after filling a eureka can to the brim?
Wait for it to stop dripping
How do you measure the volume of overflow when using a eureka can?
Catch the overflow in a measuring cylinder
What is the method for measuring the density of a small irregular solid?
Measure the change in level of water in a measuring cylinder
What is the formula for pressure?
Pressure = force / area
In what units is pressure measured?
Pascals (Pa) or N/m²
What effect does having the same force over a larger area have on pressure?
It reduces the pressure
How does pressure act in gases and liquids?
Equally in all directions
What happens to pressure as depth increases in gases and liquids?
Pressure increases with depth
What is the formula to calculate pressure increase with height?
Pressure increase = height (m) x density x gravity (10N/kg)
What is specific heat capacity?
Energy required to raise 1 kg of material by 1°C
Do different materials require the same amount of energy to heat?
No, different materials take different amounts of energy
What is the formula for calculating change in thermal energy?
Change in (thermal) energy = specific heat capacity (J/kg/°C) x mass (kg) x Change in temperature
This formula highlights the relationship between energy change, specific heat capacity, mass, and temperature change.
Define specific heat capacity.
The energy required to raise a 1 kg mass of a material through 1°C
Specific heat capacity varies between different materials.
True or False: Materials that require a lot of energy to heat up also release a lot of energy when they cool down.
True
This is a fundamental property of materials with high specific heat capacities.
How do you measure the mass of a liquid for specific heat capacity experiments?
Mass of the liquid + container - mass of the container
This method ensures accurate measurement of the liquid’s mass alone.
What equipment is used to measure the specific heat capacity of liquids?
Electric immersion heater and a thermometer
These tools are essential for heating the liquid and monitoring temperature changes.
What is the first step in measuring the specific heat capacity of a liquid?
Measure the starting temperature of the liquid
This provides a baseline for calculating temperature change.
What should you do after turning on the power supply during the specific heat capacity experiment?
Start a timer
Timing is crucial to determine how long the liquid is heated.
Fill in the blank: To calculate specific heat capacity, you divide the change in energy by _______.
(mass x change in temperature)
This formula allows for the determination of specific heat capacity based on experimental data.
What method is used to measure the specific heat capacity of solids?
Use a block of solid with holes for the heater and thermometer, wrapped in insulation
This setup minimizes heat loss and allows for accurate measurements.
Describe the arrangement of atoms in solids.
Atoms are packed together in a regular structure
This arrangement contributes to the rigidity and stability of solids.
What is the movement of atoms in a solid?
Atoms cannot move out of their fixed position, but can vibrate.
What characterizes the arrangement of atoms in a liquid?
Atoms are close together, but can flow over each other.
How do the forces of attraction between particles in liquids compare to those in solids?
Weaker forces of attraction between the particles.
What happens to the energy of particles when a substance is heated?
When heated, particles gain internal energy which can cause a rise in temperature or a change in state.
What is the primary difference in particle energy between gases and liquids?
Particles in gases have more energy than in liquids and solids.
What is the term for the energy stored in particles due to heating?
Thermal energy.
True or False: A solid changes state at a variable temperature.
False.
What is latent heat?
Energy that causes a change in state without a rise in temperature.
List the changes of state from solid to gas.
- Solid - melts → Liquid
- Liquid - boils → Gas
What occurs during sublimation?
Solid changes directly to gas.
What is the relationship between the density of solids and gases?
Densities of solids and liquids are usually much higher than gases.
What happens to the volume of a solid when it melts?
There is an increase in volume as the particles are further apart.
What is boiling?
Boiling happens at the boiling point when a liquid changes state into a gas.
What is the behavior of gas particles in terms of volume and compressibility?
Gases can expand to fill any volume and can also be compressed.
What is the key difference in particle movement between solids and gases?
Particles in gases are free to move and travel in random directions and at high speeds.
What happens to particle vibrations as temperature increases?
More vibrations occur as particles gain kinetic energy.
What is the process of condensation?
Gas changes back to liquid.
What does the term ‘deposition’ refer to?
Gas changing directly to solid.
What happens during evaporation?
Evaporation occurs at temperatures lower than the boiling point as particles near the surface can escape if they are fast enough to overcome attractive forces.
What occurs during cooling at a constant temperature?
Energy is released while bonds are being formed, and there is no temperature change.
What is absolute zero?
Absolute zero is 0K or -273°C, where molecular movement stops due to minimal kinetic energy.
How do you convert Celsius to Kelvin?
Add 273 to the Celsius temperature.
How do you convert Kelvin to Celsius?
Subtract 273 from the Kelvin temperature.
What is the process of condensation?
Condensation is the process of a gas turning into a liquid.
What is the freezing point in relation to a liquid?
The freezing point is when a liquid turns into a solid.
What is a temperature-time graph used for?
To plot temperature changes over time during heating or cooling processes.
What is the first step in obtaining a temperature-time graph?
Fill a beaker with crushed ice and place a thermometer into the beaker.
What should you do every twenty seconds during the temperature recording?
Record the temperature.
What is the initial state for obtaining a cooling curve?
Start with boiling water.
What happens to molecular movement as temperature decreases?
The average speed of the molecules’ movement decreases.
Fill in the blank: The process of a solid turning into a liquid is called _______.
melting
Fill in the blank: A liquid turning into a solid is called _______.
freezing
What is the relationship between a change of 1 kelvin and a change of 1 degree Celsius?
A change of 1 kelvin is also a change of 1 degree Celsius.
What happens to gas pressure when particles collide with the walls of a sealed container?
They exert a force on it, causing an outwards pressure from inside the container.
What could happen to a gas container if it is cooled enough?
The pressure outside the container could be greater than the pressure inside, causing it to crumple.
What is the relationship between Kelvin temperature and average kinetic energy of gas molecules?
The Kelvin temperature of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules.
What does the pressure law state?
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas at a constant volume is proportional to its Kelvin temperature.
How is the relationship between pressure and temperature expressed mathematically?
Pressure 1 / temperature 1 (in kelvin) = pressure 2 / temperature 2 (in kelvin).
What happens to the pressure of a gas as its temperature increases?
The pressure increases.
Why does pressure increase when the temperature of a gas rises?
Molecules have more energy, move quicker, and collide more frequently and strongly with the container walls.
What is Boyle’s law?
The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant mass and temperature.
How is Boyle’s law mathematically represented?
Pressure 1 x volume 1 = pressure 2 x volume 2.
What occurs to the pressure of a gas when its volume decreases?
The pressure increases as the gas particles have a smaller space to move around in and so collisions are more frequent and so more force is exerted and thus more pressure.
Fill in the blank: Pressure of a gas is _______ proportional to its volume at a constant mass and temperature.
inversely
