Energy resources Flashcards

Question

What do straight arrows in a Sankey diagram represent?

Answer 1

Useful energy transfers ## Footnote Straight arrows indicate energy that is effectively utilized.

Answer 2

Wasted energy ## Footnote Curved arrows indicate energy that is not effectively utilized.

Answer 3

Transfer of thermal energy in solids or liquids by particle vibration ## Footnote Conduction occurs when heat is transferred from hot regions to cold regions through direct contact.

Answer 4

Molecules vibrate more ## Footnote Increased temperature causes molecules to gain kinetic energy and vibrate more vigorously.

Answer 5

Allow adjacent molecules to vibrate ## Footnote These forces enable the transfer of thermal energy from hotter to cooler areas.

Answer 6

Materials that conduct thermal energy well ## Footnote Conductors allow for the efficient transfer of heat.

Answer 7

Materials that do not conduct thermal energy well ## Footnote Insulators resist the transfer of heat, making them useful for preventing energy loss.

Answer 8

Metals (e.g., copper, aluminum) and diamond ## Footnote Metals have delocalised electrons that facilitate quick energy transfer.

Answer 9

Glass, rubber, plastic ## Footnote These materials are commonly used to reduce heat transfer.

Answer 10

The transfer of molecules in liquids or gases by convection ## Footnote Convection involves the movement of fluid due to temperature differences, resulting in the circulation of the fluid.

Answer 11

1. A heat source transfers thermal energy to the surrounding liquid or gas 2. The liquid or gas heats up and expands 3. It becomes less dense and rises 4. Cold, dense liquid or gas falls to take its place 5. The cycle repeats ## Footnote This process creates a continuous loop of rising and sinking fluids.

Answer 12

It expands, moves further apart, becomes less dense, and rises ## Footnote As the heated fluid rises, it creates a region of lower pressure that allows cooler fluid to move in.

Answer 13

It becomes denser as it cools and contracts ## Footnote The cycle continues as the cooler fluid displaces the warmer fluid.

Answer 14

1. Hot air balloons 2. Boilers 3. Temperature differences in houses ## Footnote These examples illustrate how convection plays a role in heating and fluid movement in daily scenarios.

Answer 15

The transfer of thermal energy by infrared radiation ## Footnote Unlike convection, radiation does not require a medium for transfer.

Answer 16

Infrared radiation ## Footnote Infrared radiation can travel through a vacuum and does not require a medium.

Answer 17

Gases allow radiation through better than liquids, and liquids better than solids ## Footnote This property affects how heat is transferred through different materials.

Answer 18

Dark, dull surfaces ## Footnote The color and texture of a surface significantly influence its thermal radiation properties.

Answer 19

Bright, shiny surfaces ## Footnote Reflective surfaces reduce the absorption of thermal energy.

Answer 20

Higher temperature and greater surface area ## Footnote These factors enhance the rate of thermal radiation emission.

Answer 21

Heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation ## Footnote These are the three main methods by which heat energy is transferred.

Answer 22

Use an insulator ## Footnote Insulators are materials that do not conduct heat well.

Answer 23

Prevent the circulation of the liquid or gas ## Footnote Convection involves the movement of fluids, which can carry heat energy.

Answer 24

Bright, shiny surfaces ## Footnote These surfaces reflect radiant energy, minimizing heat loss.

Answer 25

Air ## Footnote Air has low thermal conductivity, making it effective at reducing heat transfer.

Answer 26

Trap a layer of air ## Footnote Trapping air improves the insulating effect.

Answer 27

Better insulating effect ## Footnote Using layers of insulation can significantly reduce heat transfer.

Answer 28

Trap a layer of air between two pieces of glass ## Footnote This reduces thermal energy transfer by conduction.

Answer 29

Traps a layer of air and stops heat from hot rooms below from conduction ## Footnote This helps maintain a comfortable temperature in the living space.

Answer 30

Trap layers of air to keep the floor warm ## Footnote Carpets prevent cold concrete from conducting heat away.

Answer 31

A layer of foam in between the walls that traps pockets of air ## Footnote This method helps to minimize heat loss through walls.

Answer 32

Resources that can be replenished as quickly as they are used.

Answer 33

They won't run out.

Answer 34

Doesn't produce waste products.

Answer 35

Conserves fuel and water.

Answer 36

Intermittent and unreliable.

Answer 37

Expensive to set up.

Answer 38

* Kinetic energy of wind to kinetic energy of turbine * Kinetic energy of turbine to electrical energy in the grid.

Answer 39

Few running costs.

Answer 40

Can be ramped up or down quickly depending on energy demand.

Answer 41

Can't be built anywhere due to terrain and rainfall requirements.

Answer 42

Can flood surrounding areas.

Answer 43

* Gravitational energy to kinetic energy of water * Kinetic energy of water to mechanical energy in the generator.

Answer 44

No waste produced ## Footnote Solar energy contributes to environmental sustainability by not generating waste.

Answer 45

Helps a nation conserve fuel and water ## Footnote This conservation assists in meeting energy demand.

Answer 46

Intermittent - needs to be day and not cloudy ## Footnote Solar energy generation is reliant on weather conditions.

Answer 47

In certain places such as a desert ## Footnote Urban areas like London may not be suitable for large solar plants.

Answer 48

Thermal energy radiated from the sun transfers energy thermally to water ## Footnote This process is used for washing or heating homes.

Answer 49

Light energy radiated from the sun transferred electrically onto the grid ## Footnote This conversion is done using solar cells.

Answer 50

Constant source of energy ## Footnote Geothermal energy provides a reliable and continuous energy source.

Answer 51

Very low maintenance costs ## Footnote This contributes to the long-term viability of geothermal energy.

Answer 52

Very location dependent - hard to find suitable location ## Footnote Not all geographical areas can support geothermal energy production.

Answer 53

High initial setup costs ## Footnote This can be a barrier for investment in geothermal projects.

Answer 54

Thermal energy of rocks transferred thermally to water ## Footnote This process is essential for heating water in geothermal plants.

Answer 55

Kinetic energy of water transferred to kinetic store of generator, mechanically ## Footnote This conversion is crucial for electricity generation in geothermal plants.

Answer 56

No waste products ## Footnote Wave energy systems do not produce waste materials during operation.

Answer 57

High energy potential ## Footnote Wave energy has significant potential due to the vast energy available in ocean waves.

Answer 58

Any sea or ocean across the world ## Footnote Wave energy can be captured globally wherever there are waves.

Answer 59

Waves not always big enough to generate enough electricity ## Footnote The variability of wave sizes impacts energy generation.

Answer 60

High maintenance costs ## Footnote Wave energy systems require regular maintenance which can be expensive.

Answer 61

Bad weather, e.g., doesn't work when stormy ## Footnote Severe weather conditions can hinder the effectiveness of wave energy systems.

Answer 62

Fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas ## Footnote Non-renewable resources are finite and will eventually deplete.

Answer 63

Produce electricity continuously ## Footnote Non-renewable resources can provide a stable and continuous power supply.

Answer 64

Cheaper than other renewable resources ## Footnote Non-renewable energy sources often have lower upfront costs compared to renewable options.

Answer 65

Release greenhouse gases when burnt ## Footnote The combustion of fossil fuels contributes to climate change.

Answer 66

Coal produces huge amounts of ash ## Footnote The ash from coal combustion must be managed, often leading to environmental concerns.

Answer 67

Chemical energy from fuel transferred thermally into the kinetic store of the water/steam ## Footnote This describes the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy.

Answer 68

Transferred mechanically to the generator ## Footnote The steam's kinetic energy drives the generator to produce electricity.

Answer 69

Kinetic energy of generator transferred electrically to the grid ## Footnote This completes the process by delivering electricity to consumers.

Answer 70

Energy released from nuclei atoms ## Footnote This energy is harnessed for electricity generation.

Answer 71

* Produce electricity constantly * One small amount produces a high amount of energy compared to coal and other sources ## Footnote These advantages make nuclear energy a reliable option for power generation.

Answer 72

* High set up costs * Produces dangerous nuclear waste that has to be stored safely for years ## Footnote The management of nuclear waste poses significant challenges to the industry.

Answer 73

False ## Footnote Nuclear energy has high setup costs which can be a barrier to its adoption.

Answer 74

nuclear waste ## Footnote The safe storage of nuclear waste is a critical issue in nuclear energy management.

Answer 75

Same process after nuclear energy is released from nuclei atoms ## Footnote Both processes ultimately convert energy into electricity, but the source and method of energy release differ.

Answer 76