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Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture > Soils and Aggregates > Flashcards

Soils and Aggregates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Soil properties that help determine the spatial allocation of land-uses, the design and construction of structures, and the selection and installation of plant materials

A

Physical and Chemical Properties

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2
Q

Aggregates

A

Crushed rock or gravel

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3
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that define a Soil Profile?

A

textures, mineral contents, and chemical makeup

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4
Q

What are the soil Horizons

A

O, A, B, C, D

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5
Q

O/A Horizon (Organic Horizon) (2”-2’)

A

Surface Layer

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6
Q

B Horizon (Subsoil) (4”-8’)

A

Horizons of Maximum Accumulation

Clay

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7
Q

C Horizon (Substratum) (Parent Material)

A

Weathered parent material

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8
Q

D Horizon (Underlying Stratum)

A

BedRock

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9
Q

Soil Particle Sizes

A

(1) Clay (2) Silt (3)Sand (4) Gravel (5)Cobbles

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10
Q

Residual Soils

A

Remains above its parent rock

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11
Q

Transported Soils

A

Materials that have been moved from another place by glaciation, wind, water, or gravity

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12
Q

What was the USDA Classification System developed for?

A

Agriculture

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13
Q

USDA Classification System

A

Describes the relative proportion of clay, silt, and sand particles

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14
Q

What are the 11 Basic Soil Orders of the USDA Classification System based on?

A

Climate, Parent Material, Vegetation

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15
Q

What was the AASHTO Classification System developed for?

A

Devised for highway construction suitability

Engineering Properties of Soils

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16
Q

What are the 2 major soil groups in the AASHTO Classification System?

A

Granular Materials & Silt-Clay Materials

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17
Q

What were the Unified Systems developed for?

A

Devised for highway engineering

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18
Q

What are the 3 soil categories in the Unified Systems?

A

Coarse-grained Soils, Fine-grained Soils, Organic Soils

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19
Q

Order Coarse-grained, Fine-grained, Organic Soils from Excellent to Not Suitable, for use as Foundation Material.

A

Coarse-Grained: Excellent to Fair
Fine-Grained: Fair to Poor
Organic Soil: Not Suitable

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20
Q

Cumulose Soil

A

Organic

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21
Q

What are the Physical Properties of Soil?

A

Texture, Color, Density, Capillarity, Permeability, Shrinkage and Swell, Cohesion

22
Q

How to obtain information about soil texture?

A

Soil Survey Report

23
Q

What is Soil Density?

A

The Total Volume of Solids and Voids in Soil

24
Q

Capillarity

A

Upward movement of moisture or water above the water table as a function of fine-textured soil

25
Q

What are Clay & Silts and Coarse-textured soils capillary action?

A

Clay & Silts have High Capillary action

Coarse-textured soils have a lower capillary action

26
Q

Permeability

A

The ability of soil to transmit water downward due to gravity Pore space

27
Q

Shrinkage and Swell

A

Buildup and release of capillary tensile stresses within soil due to water

28
Q

Cohesion

A

The ability of a soil sample to bind together when moderately dry

29
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability of soil to return to its original shape after being deformed by a load. Compatibility of a soil

30
Q

Plasticity

A

Refers to the ability of soil to be deformed under pressure without cracking or crumbling and to maintain a deformed shape after pressure is released

31
Q

Liquid Limit

A

The liquid limit refers to the moisture content at which soil passes from a liquid to a plastic state as moisture is removed

32
Q

Plastic Limit

A

Plastic Limit refers to the moisture content at which soil passes from a plastic to a semisolid state as water is removed

33
Q

Frost Susceptibility

A

The relative tendency of some soil to swell due to frost when the moisture in the soil freezes

34
Q

Are Fine-Grained or Coarse-Grained soils more susceptible to frost-action?

A

Fine-grained are more susceptible to freeze than coarse-grained

35
Q

Compressibility and Compaction

A

Compact soil to increase its ability to support the weight

36
Q

Bearing Strength

A

The ability of a soil to support a load without failure

37
Q

What 3 factors affect Bearing Strength?

A

Water Content, Rate and time of loading, Confining pressure

38
Q

What are the 3 components of Drainage?

A

Runoff, Internal Drainage, Permeability or porosity

39
Q

Erodibility

A

The extent to which a soil mass can withstand the forces of wind or water erosion

40
Q

Spatial Variability

A

Most urban sites consist of more than one soil type but are seldom mapped

41
Q

Available Moisture and Adequate Drainage

A

Ideal Ratio Airspace to Water 1:1

42
Q

Soil pH

A

Acidity or alkalinity of a Soil

43
Q

What are the soil pH levels for acidic soil? For alkaline soil?

A

Acid is 0-6.5
Neutral is 6.6 - 7.3
Alkaline is 7.4 - highest

44
Q

Colloidal Content

A

Refers to the number of clay particles in a soil sample

45
Q

Depth

A

Depth to Bedrock, to water table or to unweathered parent materials

46
Q

At what depth should plants be installed?

A

Between 18” - 36”

47
Q

Issues with Urban Soils

A

Compaction, Increased runoff, Oxygen deficient environment, severely inhibited root growth, Increased thermal conductivity, Limited nutrient availability

48
Q

Natural Granular Materials

A

Sand, gravel, crushed stone

49
Q

Manufactured Granular Materials

A

Slag, vermiculite, pumice, and crushed brick

50
Q

Relevant Properties of Aggregates

A

Cleanliness, Soundness, Gradation

51
Q

Common Applications of Aggregates

A

Foundations, Finished Surfaces, Vehicular Roads and Parking Areas

52
Q

Soil is made up of

A

minerals, water,air

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture (6 decks)

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