Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ecology - Soil Science > Soil Formation > Flashcards

Soil Formation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does soil formation begin?

A

Rock mineral and organic matter combination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Combination of rock mineral and organic matter…

A

Rock minerals cannot support plant growth, organic matter not structurually sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Volume ratio of soil…

A

RM/OM 50% whilst pores the other 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What determines physical properties of soil?

A

Mineral compostion of the parent rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are carbonate rocks ade of?

A

Limestone and chalk made of prehistoric animals, whilst coal of plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do silica?silcates form?

A

Silicon combines with O2, the less the easier they break up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is silica content based on?

A

Magma solidifcation,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rock classifications based on silica…

A

Ultrabasic -45
Basic - 45-55
Intermediate 55-65
Acidic -65-85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fractional Crystallisation

A

Removal of early formed crystals from homogenous magma so these crystals prevented from further reaction with the residual melt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SO2 formation…

A

Foun in silica rich magma formed by fractional crystallisation associated with continental crust, then magma rise and cooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is silica enrichment in magma based on?

A

Quartz, feldspar and micas high melting points, crystalling first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bowens Reaction Series

A

Explains order of mineral crystallisation with cooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of weathering?

A

Physical
Chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Example of physical weathering?

A

Different mineral compositon, different rates of thermal expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes exfoliation?

A

Temperature difference between inner-outer parts of rock causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Example of mechancial weathering…

A

Freeze-thaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of chemical weathering…

A

Hydrolysis, carbonation, hydratio, dissolution, oxidation/reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carbonation

A

This is caused by biological activity with CO2 respiration and dissolution in H2O forming carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hydration

A

This is mineral water absorption without ion formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dissolution

A

This is minerals dissolving in water like NaCl and KCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oxidation/Reduction

A

This is the take up and removal of oxygen or electrons

22
Q

Soil Organic Matter

A

All dead and living life, based on carbon content being 58% of total weight of organic matter

23
Q

How does OM contribute to soil?

A

Binds soil particles in to aggreagtes, supplies nutrients to plants

24
Q

Colloidal Particles

A

Form electrostatically with water and minerals and organic matter

25
Q

What does OM include?

A

Microbial biomass, decaying organic matter

26
Q

Hydrophobic Interactions

A

Repel water, allowing hydrophobic organic mollecles to associate with each others

27
Q

Extracellular Polymeric Substances

A

Produced by microbes bind soil particles together

28
Q

Chemical groups involved in soil…

A

Hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups interact with soil minerals

29
Q

What is SOM made of?

A

Hemi/Cellulose
Proteins/Amino acids 5%
Lignin 15%
Fats/waxes 1-5%

30
Q

What does SOM accumulation depend on?

A

Plants

31
Q

How do plants form soils?

A

Primary colonisers of microorganisms in water are rqeuired like nitrogen fixers

32
Q

How do lichens colonise?

A

Surplus nutrients passed to fungi frfom N2 fixers releasing acidic compounds breaking down mineral rock, releasing minerals for algae

33
Q

Example of soil condition climate variability…

A

Upland UK soils being acidic supporting Ericaceae being acid-tolerant, resistant to microbial attack due to high lignin

34
Q

Three types of soil…

A

Sand(0.06-2mm)
Silt
Clay (2mm)

35
Q

Primary cause of chemical release from rock?

A

Hydration, hyrdolysis and dissolution

36
Q

What can release priamry nutrients do?

A

Recrystallise forming secondary clay minerals,

37
Q

How are clays classified?

A

Alternating Alo2 and silica sheets

38
Q

Humus

A

Conglomerate of organic material formed by humification

39
Q

Layetrs of Soil…

A

O Horizon
A Horizon
E Horizon
B Horizon

40
Q

How is the O horizon divided?

A

Litter, fermentation and humic layers

41
Q

How does Mull form?

A

Neutral/acidic oconditions, mineralise residues and high soil organisms break down OM, mixing with underlying mineral says

42
Q

Types of vertical movment?

A

Leaching and Eluviation

43
Q

What does leaching do?

A

Removes soluble compounds under extreme weathering like humid tropics, weathering clay

44
Q

5 Soil forming cators by Hans Jenny…

A

Climate, parent material, topography, organisms and time

45
Q

What are four types of soil profile?

A

Podzol
Gleysol
Ferrasol
Histosol

46
Q

Podzol

A

Foudn in cool, humid and temperate regions, containing large O horizon

47
Q

Gleysol

A

Found in northern latitudes from drainage impairemnt, from waterlogging

48
Q

Ferralsol

A

Occupy tropics with high temperature and rainfall like enctral africa and south america

49
Q

Histosol

A

Peats, covering Northern Europe, Canada and Russia.

50
Q
A

Ecology - Soil Science (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions