Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Soils > Soil Erosion -C7 > Flashcards

Soil Erosion -C7 Flashcards

1
Q

are the weathering products
of rocks and minerals

A

Soils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Soils are living, dynamic system
which forms in response to forces
exerted by:

A

climate
b. living organisms
c. parent material
d. topography/relief
e. time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The soil is home to a large proportion of the
world’s ____

A

Biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It takes 1,000 yearsto form a____cm
thick layer of soil

A

2.5 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Process which lowers the
current or future capacity of
the soil to produce goods or
services.

A

Soil degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Total land area that had been degraded

A

70% or 21M ha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physical characteristics of
degraded soil

A

Low moisture retention

Slow water infiltration

Soil compaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chemical characteristics of
degraded soi

A

Low pH (<5.5 pH-strongly acid)

High concentration of soluble toxic ions
(Al, Fe, Mn)

Low cation exchange capacity (CEC)

Low base saturation (Ca, Mg, K)

Low organic matter content and low npk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Caused by natural (due to soil
formation) or can be caused by human activities such as:
a. Continuous application of
ammonium sulfate
b. Intensive cultivation without
addition of nutrients
c. Draining coastal areas

A

Soil acidification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Removal of fertile organic matter
due to erosion exposes the
______which is generally acidic
and less fertile.

A

Subsoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Caused by deforestation, burning
crop residues, conventional
tillage, and overgrazing

A

Loss of nutrient and organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Continuous removal of
nutrients without addition
in the form of fertilizer

A

Nutrient mining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Due to saltwater intrusion
and the use of saline
water to irrigate
agricultural fields

A
  1. Salinization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Due to indiscriminate use
of agro-chemicals and
accumulation of toxic
heavy metals from the
industry, mining and
agricultural activities

A

Pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Caused by long-term use of
farm equipment in
intensively cultivated lands
and by overgrazing

A

Soil compaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A process that transforms
soil into sediments

A

Soil erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Wearing away of a field’s
topsoil by the natural
physical forces of water and
wind or through forces
associated with farming
such as tillage

A

Soil erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give 5 causes of soil degradation in PH

A

Soil acidification
Loss of nutrient and organic matter
Salinization
Nutrient mining
Pollution
Soil compaction
Soil erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The ff are drivers of soil
erosion except:

  1. Overgrazing
  2. Deforestation
  3. Intensive cultivation
  4. Improper soil management
  5. Cultivation of steeps slopes
  6. Urbanization
  7. Pollution
  8. Mining
  9. Waste disposal
A
  1. Pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why Philippines has higher
erosion rates?

A

Steep slopes

Highly erodible soils-

  1. High rainfall erosivity-

Poor vegetative cover in cultivated lands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

soil erosion that takes place naturally without the
influence of human activities

A

Geologic erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the types of erosion?

A

Geologic erosion

Accelerated erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

human influenced erosion (e.g., over grazing,
deforestation, plowing hillside up & down)

A

Accelerated erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the types of damaged
caused by erosion?

A
  1. On-site damage

2.Off-site damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The ff are on-site damage caused by erosion. EXCEPT:

a. Reduction of soil fertility
b. Reduction of biological activity
c. increases soil compaction
d. Eutrophication

A

D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Examplws of offsite damage

A

A. Spread of plant diseases
b. Eutrophication
c. Water pollution
d. Damages from
sediments
e. Health hazard
f. Periodic flooding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Types of water erosion

A

Sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Uniform erosion
from the entire soil
surface

A

Sheet erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Water concentrates in
small channel (rills) as
it runs off the soil

A

Rill erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Advanced stage of rill
erosion
❑ Deep channels that
cannot be erased by
cultivation

A

Gully erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the different processes
of water erosion?

A

Detachment
2. Transportation
3. Deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Factors affecting erosion

A

Rainfall erosivity (R)
2. Soil erodibility (K)
Slope gradient and length (LS)
Cover and management factor (C)
Management factor (P)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

• Is an estimate of the ability of soils to resist erosion

A

Soil erodibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

High levels of OM, granular structure, and sandy
and loamy textured soils are less erodible than silt
and clay textured soil

T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

• Intense rain have large drop size which results in
Lower detachment of particles

T or f

A

False- GREATER DETACHMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Higher rate of rainfall, the more run off occurs
providing the means to transport detached particles.

T or f

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Few torrential downpours may result in lesser damage

T or F

A

F - RESULTS IN GREATER DAMAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

____ are heavy in bare soil

A

Soil looses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

(Factors affecting erosion)

High infiltration, less run-off and less surface
ponding

A

Soil erodibility (K)

40
Q

Soil erosion increases if the soil has vegetative cover of plants and/or crop residues.

T or f

A

F - • Soil erosion increases if the soil has NO OR VERY LITTLE vegetative cover

41
Q

T or f

Undisturbed forest and dense grass provide the
best soil protection

A

T

42
Q

to reduce most of the erosion on annual roc-
crop land, leave a residue cover greater than
___% after harvest

A

30%

43
Q

runoff and sediments
are caught in a tray and
led through pipes to
collecting tanks which
retain all, or a fixed
proportion of the plot
output.

A

Erosion plots

44
Q

nails or steel rods inserted
into the ground to
determine which
ground advances and
ground retreats

A

Erosion pins

45
Q

soil erosion is measured
by using isotope caesium-
137 (137 Cs). Stable and
uneroded soil accumulate
137 Cs within the upper
soil profile while eroded
soils will lose adsorbed 137
Cs.

A

tracers/radioisotopes

46
Q

receiving
reservoir) were dug at the
lower part of the slope to
catch eroded sediments

A

Catchpits

47
Q

It allows
generating rainfall with a
known intensity and duration
on an erosion plot in a
controlled manner, making it
possible to quantify
superficial runoff and soil loss,
while at the same time
allowing a very detailed
erosion predictions.

A

Rainfall simulator

48
Q

Models to predict erosion

A

Water erosion prediction project (WEPP)

Universal soil loss equation (USLE) 1970

Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE)

49
Q

Set of equations that interrelate information
on rainfall, soil, topography, vegetation and
management
• Simulation model that computes on a daily
basis

A

Water erosion prediction project (WEPP)

50
Q

Equation of Universal soil loss equation (USLE) 1970

A

A= RKLSCP

51
Q

Uses the same basic factors with improved
accuracy of soil-loss prediction

A

Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE)

52
Q

Is the protection of the soil against deterioration,
loss, impoverishment or depletion of the soil’s
capabilities

A

soil conservation

53
Q

The ff are Mechanical or structural methods on soil and water conservation and erosion control. EXCEPT

  1. Terracing
  2. Contour rock walls
  3. Gabions
  4. Riprap
  5. Ground cover
    6.Stone wall
  6. Farm ponds
  7. Check dams
A
  1. Ground cover
54
Q

The practice of plowing,
harrowing, and furrowing
along the contour of the
land

A

Contour farming

55
Q

are level lines
across a slope at a
constant elevation

A

Contours

56
Q

This practice applies on
sloping land where crops
are grown

A

Contour farming

57
Q

Are narrow live barriers
comprising naturally
occurring grasses
❑ Napier grass, guinea
grass and vetiver grass

A

Natural vegetative strips
(NVS)

58
Q

T or f

NVS can be integrated with fruit trees, timber trees, banana, pineapple

A

T

59
Q

Saan ba me nagkulang?

A

Charrrrr

60
Q

leguminous trees are
grown simultaneously with
agricultural/food crops
❑ Generally practiced in areas
with flat to gently rolling
topography

A

Alley cropping system

61
Q

are usually
woody species of tress,
shrubs or grasses
established across slope
and along the contours of
an area

A

Hedgerows

62
Q

Ideal hedgegrows (atleast 5)

A
  1. Ipil-ipil 7. Kakawate
  2. Sesbania grandiflora 8. Acacia villosa
  3. Flemingia macrophylla 9. Banana
  4. Coffee 10. Jackfruit
  5. Citrus 11. Chico
  6. Cashew
63
Q

Distance between contour
lines
▪ Stiffer slope=?
▪ Gradual slopes= ?

A

Stiffer slope=4-6 m
Gradual slopes= 7-10 m

64
Q

NVS Reduce run-off and soil
erosion by as much as
97%

T or f?

A

F - alley cropping

65
Q

Developed by the Mindanao
Baptist Rural Life Center, Davao
de Sur
❑ Best suited on steep slopes and
in areas with a long rainy season

A

Sloping Agricultural Land
Technology (SALT

66
Q

Growing plants of different
height in the same field at
the same time
❑ This is intended to rolling
areas with slopes ranging
from 18 to 30 percent.

A

Multi-storey cropping system

67
Q

Example 1: Coconut- coffee-
pine-apple-banana

This example is a type of what Soil conservation strategies?

A

Multi-storey cropping system

68
Q

Coconut-pine-
apple-papaya- peanut

This is an example of what Soil conservation strategies?

A

Multi-storey cropping system

69
Q

Growing two or more crops
on the same piece of land
✔Cassava-soybean
✔ cassava-corn
✔Corn-peanut
✔Corn-mungbean
✔Coconut-cacao

A

Intercropping

70
Q

Planting of different
crops in successions on
the same piece of land

A

Crop rotation

71
Q

Planting annual crops with
the second crop planted
after the first has flowered
or nearing harvest
✔Corn with Mungbean
✔ Tomato with Bitter Gourd
✔Long Beans with Okra

A

Relay cropping

72
Q

Are series of level land
on sloping land

A

Terracing

73
Q

The higher the slope, the
narrower will be the
width of the terraces

T or f

A

T

74
Q

Pag pray na makapasar ta

A

Lord, papasara me. Love u po

75
Q

Growing of crops to cover the
soil such as kudzu and
centrosema

A

Cover crops

76
Q

Tolerates shade and waterlogging, creeping and twining

A

Calopogonium and centrosema

77
Q

Permanent structures
which are built in areas with
abundant rocks
❑ A-frame is made to use
contour lines

A

Contour rock walls

78
Q

Use of large wire crates
filled with stones acting as
retaining wal

A

. Gabions

79
Q

Rock fitted/piled on the top
of each other to form a
retaining wall

A

Riprap

80
Q

Used to stabilize hillsides,
road banks and stream banks

A

Riprap

81
Q

Designed to prevent soil erosion
that perennially damages roads,
drainage systems, bridges and
mountainsides in the upland region

A

Coconets

82
Q

Uses depression on the
farm, especially in heavily
gullied area to impound
water and minimize
potential run-off

A

. Water impounding dam

83
Q

Collect and store surface run-off water during the rainy
season for immediate and future use

A

Water impounding dam

84
Q

Ways to fertilize? Atleast 5

A
  1. Injection
  2. Surface broadcast (without incorporation)
  3. Surface broadcast (incorporated)
  4. Banded application
  5. Row placement
  6. Fertigation
  7. Foliar application
  8. Side dressing
  9. Top dressing
  10. Perforating
  11. Basal
85
Q

Used to place liquid or
gaseous fertilizer below the
soil near plant roots
(anhydrous ammonia)
• Advantages: reduce losses
through precise application
of nutrients
• Disadvantages: slow,
expensive (requires
specialized equipment)

A

Injection

86
Q

Method by which fertilizer is
applied on the surface across
an entire field.

• Advantages: fast, economical

• Disadvantages: high
nutrients losses, low
uniformity, P efficiency is
only ¼ that of banding

A

Surface
broadcast

87
Q

Uniform distribution of
fertilizer on the soil surface
followed by plowing or
disking to incorporate the
material.

• Advantages: reduce losses
compared to broadcast,
improves plant uptake

• Disadvantages: slow, non-
uniform application,
erosion risk

A

Surface broadcast
(incorporated)

88
Q

Also known as STARTER APPLICATION . Fertilizer is
applied in bands either to the
side and below the seeds.
• Advantages: high nutrient use
efficiency, jump-starts early
growth, slows nitrification of
N, reduce the risk of leaching
• Disadvantages: costly, slow,
risk of salt burn to plants

A

Banded
Application

89
Q

Fertilizer is applied in
continuous bands on one or
both side of the row

• Applicable for crops like
sugarcane, potato, maize,
cereals and etc. sown close
together in rows

A

Row Placement
(Band Placement)

90
Q

Distribution with water-
soluble fertilizers and
chemical through an irrigation
system

A

Fertigation

91
Q

Application of a small
amount of fertilizer through
direct spraying onto leaves
• Application rate: 0.5% or
below

• Advantages: rapid uptake
• Disadvantages:
phytotoxicity, limited to
small and/or repeated
application

A

Foliar
Application

92
Q

When fertilizer is applied
between rows or young
plants to provide a boost
during periods of rapid
growth and nutrient uptake

A

Side dressing

93
Q

Broadcast application of
fertilizer on top of growing
crops (e.g., rice, corn,
forage during their
vegetative stage)

A

Topdressing

94
Q

Placing fertilizer in 12’’-18’’
holes drilled 18’’ to 24’’ around
the canopy drip line of fruit
trees.
•Cover the holes and fertilizer
slowly dissolves
•Typically done of fruit and nut
trees

A

Perforating

95
Q

Applying and incorporating of
fertilizers into the soil before or at sowing

•Done by digging a hole where
fertilizer is applied and then
covered with 2 inches dept of
soil

A

Basal

96
Q

Unsay PINAKA UNA na libro sa bible

A

Page one

Soils (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions