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Earth Sciences > Soil > Flashcards

Soil Flashcards

1
Q

The collection of natural bodies on the earth’s surface supporting or capable of supporting plants

A

Soil

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2
Q

What is soil?

A

The collection of natural bodies on the earth’s surface supporting or capable of supporting plants

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3
Q

The collection of natural bodies earth’s surface…

A

…supporting or capable of supporting plants

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4
Q

What percentage of an ideal ag soil does organic matter make up?

A

5%

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5
Q

What percentage of an ideal ag soil do minerals make up?

A

45%

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6
Q

What percentage of an ideal ag soil does water make up?

A

25%

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7
Q

What percentage of an ideal ag soil does air make up?

A

25%

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8
Q

Solid matter making up a soil

A

Parent material

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9
Q

What is parent material?

A

Solid matter making up a soil

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10
Q

What are the two types of soils?

A

Residual soils and Transported soils

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11
Q

What are residual soils?

A

Soils that remain at the site of formation

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12
Q

What are transported soils?

A

Soils that are transported from the site of its parent material(s)

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13
Q

What are the four factors that contribute to soil formation that were discussed in class?

A

Climate, Time, Biota, Topography

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14
Q

What two features of climate have a strong impact on soil formation

A

Temperature and preceipitation

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15
Q

In what kind of climate would there be a thick layer of chemically weathered soil?

A

A hot and wet climate

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16
Q

In what kind of climate would there be a thin mantle of mechanically weathered soil?

A

A cold and dry climate

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17
Q

What climate feature specifically influences soil fertility?

A

Precipitation

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18
Q

True or False: Precipitation impacts biota

A

True

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19
Q

How is time a factor in soil formation?

A

Weathering influences parent material(s)

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20
Q

What is biota?

A

Plants and animals living in the soil

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21
Q

Plants and animals living in soil are called…

A

Biota

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22
Q

Micro-organisms play an active role in…

A

…the decay of plant and animal remains

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23
Q

What important process do biota contribute to regarding soil formation?

A

Nitrogen fixation

24
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Certain bacteria can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and “fix” it, or turn it into a form that plants can use

25
Q

Name the two soil conservation concerns discussed in class

A

Urbanization and Pollution

26
Q

Why is soil important regarding climate change?

A

Soil holds CO2 instead of it going into the atmosphere

27
Q

Slopes affect the amount of soil erosion and…

A

…water content of soil

28
Q

Waterlogged soils in poorly drained bottomlands have copious amounts of…

A

organic matter

29
Q

Do saturated soil conditions speed up or slow down decay?

A

It slows down decay

30
Q

Vertical section through all soil horizons

A

Soil profile

31
Q

What is a soil profile?

A

A vertical section through all soil horizons

31
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

Horizontal differences in the soil that divide it into layers

31
Q

Horizons that compose topsoil

A

O and A horizons

31
Q

Horizontal differences in soil divide it into layers

A

Soil horizons

32
Q

Soil horizons in descending order:

A

O horizon; A horizon; E horizon; B horizon; C horizon

33
Q

Which soil horizon is considered subsoil?

A

B horizon

34
Q

Which soil horizon has highest biodiversity?

A

O horizon

35
Q

Which layer of O horizon has recognizable plant litter?

A

Upper layer

36
Q

Which layer of O horizon has humus?

A

Lower layer

37
Q

What is humus?

A

Partly decomposed organic matter

38
Q

True or False: A horizon has high biodiversity

A

True

39
Q

What type of matter mostly comprises A horizon?

A

Mineral matter

40
Q

True or False: A horizon has more humus than O horizon

A

False

41
Q

Which soil horizon is lightest in colour?

A

E horizon

42
Q

What 2 process are caused by water percolating in the E horizon?

A

Eluviation and Leaching

43
Q

What is eluviation?

A

The washing out of fine soil components

44
Q

What is the washing out of fine soil components called?

A

Eluviation

45
Q

What is the process of water carrying soluble materials to depth called?

A

Leaching

46
Q

What is leaching?

A

When water carries soluble minerals to depth

47
Q

At which horizon does eluviation deposit material?

A

B horizon

48
Q

What is B horizon also known as?

A

Zone of accumulation

49
Q

What accumulates in the B horizon?

A

Fine clay particles

50
Q

Which horizon is partly altered parent material?

A

C horizon

51
Q

Which horizon is not considered true soil?

A

C horizon

52
Q

What are the 3 types of soil erosion?

A

Sheet, Rill, and Gully erosion

53
Q

Which is larger: Rills or Gullies

A

Gullies

54
Q

Water flowing over surfaces and carrying dislodged soil particles is what type of erosion?

A

Sheet erosion

Earth Sciences (4 decks)

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