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EARTH SCIENCE Q2 > Soil > Flashcards

Soil Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural resource?

A

Anything we obtain from the environment to meet our needs and wants.

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2
Q

List some examples of energy resources.

A
  • Oil
  • Gas
  • Coal
  • Wood
  • Wind
  • Sunlight
  • Waves
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3
Q

What are the three types of resources?

A
  • Perpetual Resources
  • Renewable Resources
  • Non-renewable Resources
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4
Q

Define perpetual resources.

A

Resources that last forever and whose quantity is not affected by human consumption.

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5
Q

Give examples of perpetual resources.

A
  • Solar energy
  • Wind energy
  • Geothermal energy
  • Tidal energy
  • Hydropower
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6
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Natural resources that can be replenished fairly rapidly through natural processes.

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7
Q

List examples of renewable resources.

A
  • Forests
  • Grasslands
  • Wild animals
  • Fresh water
  • Fresh air
  • Fertile soil
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8
Q

Define non-renewable resources.

A

Natural resources that cannot be replaced by natural means at a rate that keeps up with consumption.

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9
Q

What are examples of non-renewable resources?

A
  • Fossil fuels
  • Minerals
  • Nuclear energy
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10
Q

What is coal?

A

A carbon-rich deposit formed from dead plant material through a process called coalification.

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11
Q

What are the three types of fossil fuels?

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Natural Gas
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12
Q

What is the process of making coal?

A
  1. Organic materials are buried in swamp environments
  2. Burial results in the formation of peat
  3. Greater burial results in the formation of lignite
  4. Burial and metamorphism results in the formation of anthracite
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13
Q

What is oil also known as?

A

Petroleum

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14
Q

What is natural gas?

A

A naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas, primarily methane, formed from dead animals and plants.

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15
Q

What are the advantages of fossil fuels?

A
  • Abundant
  • Easy to find
  • Very efficient
  • Easy to transport
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?

A
  • Causes air pollution
  • Cannot be renewed in a short period of time
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17
Q

What is carbon capture and sequestration (CCS)?

A

The process of capturing carbon dioxide formed during power generation and industrial processes and storing it to prevent atmospheric emission.

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18
Q

What is nuclear energy derived from?

A

Uranium, a nonrenewable resource that must be mined.

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19
Q

What is biomass?

A

Any material made by plants and animals that can be converted into energy.

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20
Q

What are the major soil components?

A
  • Inorganic Minerals
  • Soil Water
  • Soil Air
  • Organic Matter
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21
Q

What is soil texture?

A

A basic property which strongly influences the ability of soil to retain and transmit air and water.

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22
Q

What are the layers of soil in a typical soil profile?

A
  • O Horizon
  • A Horizon
  • E Horizon
  • B Horizon
  • C Horizon
  • R Horizon
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23
Q

What does the O horizon consist of?

A

Organic materials such as plant litter and decomposed or humus layer.

24
Q

What is leaching?

A

The process where excess water removes water-soluble nutrients out of the soil.

25
Q

What is the definition of edaphology?

A

The study of how soil influences organisms, especially plants.

26
Q

What are the five major factors that interact to create different types of soil?

A
  • Climate
  • Organisms
  • Topography
  • Parent Material
  • Time
27
Q

Fill in the blank: Soil is composed of _____% mineral, _____% air, _____% water, and _____% organic matter.

A

45% mineral, 25% air, 25% water, 5% organic matter.

28
Q

What is the primary source of livelihood in the Philippines?

A

Fertile land and agriculture.

29
Q

What type of soil is known as gardeners’ best friend?

A

Loam soil.

30
Q

What is the primary source of livelihood in the Philippines?

A

Fertile land

31
Q

List the major crops of the Philippines.

A
  • Rice
  • Corn
  • Sugarcane
  • Coconut
  • Abaca
  • Tobacco
  • Bananas
  • Pineapples
32
Q

What is loam soil?

A

A combination of silt, clay, sand, and a little humus

33
Q

What are the characteristics of loam soil?

A
  • Very good for gardening
  • Provides good drainage
  • Retains water easily
  • Moldable but not sticky
34
Q

Define soil degradation.

A

The physical, chemical and biological decline in soil quality

35
Q

What are some major land degradation issues?

A
  • Reduction of forest vegetation
  • Soil erosion
  • Decline of biodiversity
  • Reduced water yield
  • Increased flooding incidences
36
Q

What are the impacts of biodiversity degradation?

A
  • Increased incidence of pests and diseases
  • Loss of natural predators
  • Presence of invasive species
37
Q

What is afforestation?

A

The process of expanding the area covered by forests

38
Q

What is contour ploughing?

A

Ploughing along the land’s contours to slow down water runoff

39
Q

What are windbreaks?

A

Rows of trees or shrubs planted to reduce wind erosion

40
Q

What is conservation tillage?

A

Minimizing soil disturbance during planting and cultivation

41
Q

What are cover crops?

A

Crops planted to prevent soil erosion when the primary crop is not growing

42
Q

What is crop rotation?

A

Rotating different crops to improve soil fertility and reduce erosion

43
Q

What is strip cropping?

A

Alternating strips of closely sown crops with strips of row crops

44
Q

True or False: Overgrazing can lead to soil erosion.

A

True

45
Q

What is water?

A

A chemical substance composed of hydrogen and oxygen, essential to all known forms of life

46
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans?

A

71 percent

47
Q

What is the percentage of freshwater in the total global water supply?

A

2.5%

48
Q

List the categories of seas.

A
  • Bay
  • Strait
  • Gulf
49
Q

Define an estuary.

A

An area of water where freshwater and saltwater combine

50
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A body of rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater

51
Q

What is the effect of groundwater pumping?

A

Land subsidence (sinkhole)

52
Q

What is a water footprint?

A

A measure of the volume of freshwater used or polluted to support lifestyles

53
Q

Define virtual water.

A

Freshwater that is not directly consumed but is used to produce goods

54
Q

What are the two important toxic gases that contribute to acid rain?

A
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Nitrogen oxide
55
Q

What is the chemical equation for acid rain formation?

A

Sulfur dioxide + Nitrogen oxide = Acid Rain

EARTH SCIENCE Q2 (6 decks)

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