Soft Tissue Structure, Function & Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue…

A

Includes epithelia and glands
Cover internal or external surfaces
Cells bound closely together
Has an exposed surface
Are avascular
Cells continuously regenerating

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

Physical protection: from abrasion, dehydration and destruction

Control permeability: substances leaving or entering body cross epithelium, Variable permeability , absorption, secretion, excretion, diffusion

Provide sensation: sensory nerve supply, smell, taste, hearing, sight

Provide info on internal/ external environment
Produce specialised secretions: produced by glands

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4
Q

Structure of epithelial cells

A

Coated in microvilli and cilia, lateral surfaces, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, mitochondria, basal surface

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5
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones into cellular spaces then blood
Hormones regulate or co ordinate activities of various tissues, organs and systems

Examples: pituitary, thyroid, thymus

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6
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete products into ducts that empty onto the epithelial surface

Examples: digestive enzymes, sweat, tears

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7
Q

Connective tissue

A

Throughout the body
Never exposed
Connects epithelial tissue to rest of body
Highly vascular
Fill internal spaces

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8
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Structural framework for the body
Transports fluids and dissolved materials
Protects delicate organs
Connects other types of tissue
Stores energy (triglycerides)
Defend body from microorganisms

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9
Q

Cartilage is

A

Closely packed collagen fibres embedded in a firm matrix gel containing chondrocytes & proteoglycans

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10
Q

Types of cartalidge

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartalige

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11
Q

Hyaline cartalige

A

Most common
Tough but flexible
Found:
Most joints covering articulated surfaces
Between ribs and sternum
Nasal cartalige
Respiratory tract

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12
Q

Elastic cartalidge

A

Numerous elastic fibres
Resilient but flexible
Found:
External flap (auricle)
Epiglottis
Auditory tube
Small cartilages in larynx

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13
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Densely interwoven collagen fibres
Little ground substance
Durable & tough
Resists compression & absorbs shock
Found:
Between vertebrae
Between pubic bones
Meniscus

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14
Q

where do membranes occur?

A

when epithelial tissue is combined with connective tissue

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15
Q

four types of tissue membrane

A

mucous membrane
serous membrane
cutaneous membrane
synovial membrane

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16
Q

mucous membranes

A

line passageways that lead to exterior i.e digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive tracts

epithelial surfaces kept moist to reduce friction and allow secretion/ absorption

thin layer of epithelial cells

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17
Q

serous membranes

A
  • line sealed, internal subdivisions of body cavities
  • not open to exterior
  • very thin and transparent
  • firmly attached to body walls & organs that they cover
  • minimise friction: serous fluid produced
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18
Q

examples of serous membranes

A

peritoneum: lines peritoneal cavity (abdomen) covers surface of exposed organs peritonitis

pleura: lines pleural cavity, covers the lungs pleurisy

pericardium: lines pericardial cavity,
covers heart pericarditis

19
Q

synovial membranes

A

around joint cavity of synovial joints, forms synovial capsule

made up of connective tissue with macrophages and fibroblasts

synovial fluid within capsule- lubricates and nourishes hyaline cartilage

movement of joint stimulates formation and circulation of synovial fluid

20
Q

cutaneous membranes (skin)

A

Two layers
- epidermis (epithelial tissue)
- dermis (connective tissue)

Subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue
Accessory structures

21
Q

functions of cutaneous membrane?

A

• protection of underlying tissue
• excretion of salts, water & waste products
• maintenance of temperature
• production of melanin & keratin
• synthesis of vitamin D
• storage of lipids
• sensation
• co-ordination of immune response to pathogens/ cancers in the skin

22
Q

micro-tears

A

localised pain
tenderness
no visible bruising
minimal loss of function
no laxity

23
Q

partial tear

A

moderate swelling
bruising
poorly localised pain
impairment and painful ROM
may have some instability

24
Q

complete tear / rupture

A

audible pop/ acute pain
considerable swelling or bleeding to joint (Haemarthrosis)
significant laxity/ instability

symptoms may later settle

25
muscle & tendon injuries **sprain**
typically caused by over contracting or lengthening a muscle causing tearing of collagen most commonly occurs in the *eccentric* phase of contraction called a **strain**
26
factors that cause tissue damage?
**injury**: physical / thermal / radiational / electrical / chemical **infection**: viruses / bacteria / fungi / protozoa **infarction**: myocardial infarct **immune reactions**: foreign protein hypersensitivity / autoimmune
27
types of body tissue (**parenchymal tissue**)
- functioning cells of organs - e.g neuronal (brain) tissue, epithelial (skin) tissue, cardiac myocyte (heart) tissue, hepatocyte (liver) tissue
28
types of body tissue (**Stromal (interstitial) tissue**)
supporting connective tissues contains many cell types including fibroblasts blood vessels nerves & nerve endings
29
3 Types of tissue healing
1. **Resolution** rapid healing of mild injury epithelial cells slough & regenerate 2. **Tissue Regeneration** specialised tissue is replaced by the proliferation of surrounding undamaged specialised cells i.e injured tissues are repaired with parenchyma 3. **connective tissue repair** (replacement) lost tissue is replaced by granulation tissue which matures to form scar tissue
30
Resolution healing
occurs in acute inflammatory response to minor injuries or those with minimal effect to parenchymal cell tissue is restored to prior state most commonly occurs in epithelial tissue i.e mild insect bite
31
tissue regeneration
replaces lost cells by division of surviving adjacent cells, also to restore tissue to normal before it can occur necrotic cells must be removed (using acute inflammatory process)
32
whether tissue regeneration can occur?
• Damaged tissues and cells releasing growth factors to decrease mitogenic activity **(mitosis)** •regenerative capacity of involved cells •number of surviving viable cells • the presence of a connective tissue framework that will provide a base for normal tissue structure
33
Labile cells regeneration ability?
constant turn over (skin cells)
34
Stable cells regeneration ability?
usually stop growing once growth i.e. liver, kidney & lungs requires supportive framework if damage occurs
35
Fixed (permanent) non-dividing cells regeneration ability?
cannot undergo mitosis i.e nerve, muscle & cardiac tissue repair leaves a scar
36
connective tissue repair stages
acute (hours) : **bleeding** acute —> sub acute (days): **inflammation** sub acute (days —> weeks) : **remodelling** chronic (months): **proliferation**
37
bleeding phase
occurs following injury relatively short lived more vascular tissue bleeds for longer (muscle) less vascular less volume & duration (ligaments) **average is 4-6 hours** but some bleed for much longer
38
inflammatory phase
occurs in first few hours reaches peak at 1-3 days resolves in few weeks changes in blood flow - *oedema* exudation of protein rich fluid - phagocytosis - lymphatic drainage - leukocyte emigration
39
proliferation phase
24-48 hours after injury can take up to a few weeks/ months fibroblasts, macrophages and blood vessels proliferate to form granulation tissue two fundamental processes: angiogenesis & collagen synthesis
40
remodelling / maturing phase
begins at 3 weeks can last up to 2 years continuous remodelling of scar tissue physical stress is an important influencing factor in this stage
41
factors that affect wound healing
• nature of injury • site of injury • temperature • drugs (steroids) • ** movement +\- (stress)** • malnutrition • blood flow and O2 delivery • infection • wound separation • foreign bodies • age
42
complications of tissue repair
Infection ulceration dehiscence keloid development adhesion
43
soft tissue healing summary
• sprains affect ligament • strains affect muscles & tendons • connective tissue repair has 4 stages • if wound edges are approximated it will heal by primary intention • if wound edges are seperate it will heal by secondary intention (same stages but will take longer and create greater scar tissue)