Soft Tissue Structure, Function & Healing Flashcards
Four types of tissue
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial tissue…
Includes epithelia and glands
Cover internal or external surfaces
Cells bound closely together
Has an exposed surface
Are avascular
Cells continuously regenerating
Epithelial tissue functions
Physical protection: from abrasion, dehydration and destruction
Control permeability: substances leaving or entering body cross epithelium, Variable permeability , absorption, secretion, excretion, diffusion
Provide sensation: sensory nerve supply, smell, taste, hearing, sight
Provide info on internal/ external environment
Produce specialised secretions: produced by glands
Structure of epithelial cells
Coated in microvilli and cilia, lateral surfaces, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, mitochondria, basal surface
Endocrine glands
Secrete hormones into cellular spaces then blood
Hormones regulate or co ordinate activities of various tissues, organs and systems
Examples: pituitary, thyroid, thymus
Exocrine glands
Secrete products into ducts that empty onto the epithelial surface
Examples: digestive enzymes, sweat, tears
Connective tissue
Throughout the body
Never exposed
Connects epithelial tissue to rest of body
Highly vascular
Fill internal spaces
Functions of connective tissue
Structural framework for the body
Transports fluids and dissolved materials
Protects delicate organs
Connects other types of tissue
Stores energy (triglycerides)
Defend body from microorganisms
Cartilage is
Closely packed collagen fibres embedded in a firm matrix gel containing chondrocytes & proteoglycans
Types of cartalidge
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartalige
Hyaline cartalige
Most common
Tough but flexible
Found:
Most joints covering articulated surfaces
Between ribs and sternum
Nasal cartalige
Respiratory tract
Elastic cartalidge
Numerous elastic fibres
Resilient but flexible
Found:
External flap (auricle)
Epiglottis
Auditory tube
Small cartilages in larynx
Fibrocartilage
Densely interwoven collagen fibres
Little ground substance
Durable & tough
Resists compression & absorbs shock
Found:
Between vertebrae
Between pubic bones
Meniscus
where do membranes occur?
when epithelial tissue is combined with connective tissue
four types of tissue membrane
mucous membrane
serous membrane
cutaneous membrane
synovial membrane
mucous membranes
line passageways that lead to exterior i.e digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive tracts
epithelial surfaces kept moist to reduce friction and allow secretion/ absorption
thin layer of epithelial cells
serous membranes
- line sealed, internal subdivisions of body cavities
- not open to exterior
- very thin and transparent
- firmly attached to body walls & organs that they cover
- minimise friction: serous fluid produced
examples of serous membranes
peritoneum: lines peritoneal cavity (abdomen) covers surface of exposed organs peritonitis
pleura: lines pleural cavity, covers the lungs pleurisy
pericardium: lines pericardial cavity,
covers heart pericarditis
synovial membranes
around joint cavity of synovial joints, forms synovial capsule
made up of connective tissue with macrophages and fibroblasts
synovial fluid within capsule- lubricates and nourishes hyaline cartilage
movement of joint stimulates formation and circulation of synovial fluid
cutaneous membranes (skin)
Two layers
- epidermis (epithelial tissue)
- dermis (connective tissue)
Subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue
Accessory structures
functions of cutaneous membrane?
• protection of underlying tissue
• excretion of salts, water & waste products
• maintenance of temperature
• production of melanin & keratin
• synthesis of vitamin D
• storage of lipids
• sensation
• co-ordination of immune response to pathogens/ cancers in the skin
micro-tears
localised pain
tenderness
no visible bruising
minimal loss of function
no laxity
partial tear
moderate swelling
bruising
poorly localised pain
impairment and painful ROM
may have some instability
complete tear / rupture
audible pop/ acute pain
considerable swelling or bleeding to joint (Haemarthrosis)
significant laxity/ instability
symptoms may later settle