SODIUM AND POTASSIUM Flashcards
____________is paramount to life for all
organisms.
Maintenance of water homeostasis
In addition to water homeostasis, these electrolytes play an
important role: (4)
(1) In maintenance of pH;
(2) In proper heart and muscle function;
(3) In oxidation-reduction reactions; and
(4) As cofactors for enzymes
Laboratory tests for evaluation of disorders of ___________ are the most common
procedures performed in clinical chemistry laboratories
renal,
water,
electrolyte,
and acid-base status
____________ is one of the major sequelae of common
disorders such as diabetes and hypertension
Renal disease
four major electrolytes:
sodium
potassium
chloride
bicarbonate
__________ is classified as anion or cation
Electrocytes
___________ is negatively charged
ions that move toward an anode
anions
___________ is positively charged
ions that move toward a cathode
cations
_____________= denotes the number of ______
Capacity of certain analyte to bind
to another chemical
valence
Carries one valence
monovalent cation
SODIUM
Positively charged [under electrophoresis
migration of charges] it will travel towards
the cathode region
● CATION ATOM
Sodium Comprises ________ of all Extracellular Fluid
(ECF) cations
90% of ECF
________is found
outside the red blood cell
ECF
= test to determine the
hydration of patient/ body
■ A test that can help diagnose a
fluid/ electrolyte imbalances
including dehydration
Osmolality
○ Major determinant of plasma osmolality
Sodium
NORMAL VALUE OF OSMOLALITY
______ mmol/L
● With _______ mmol/L being the result of Sodium and
associated anion electrolytes
295 mmol/L
● With 270 mmol/L being the result of Sodium and
associated anion electrolytes
Osmolality INCREASES if _________– and it will
also DECREASES if ___________ [too much fluid in
the blood].
dehydrated
overhydrated
Sodium has high levels in Extracellular fluids(Blood
plasma and Interstitial fluid),________ for Blood
plasma and ________ for Interstitial fluid
● _______ ions follow, and ________, followed by
__________
142 mEq/L
145 mEq/L
Chloride, bicarbonate, calcium
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
___________ = highest levels 140 mEq/L
_____________= 100 mEq/L
Potassium
Hydrogen phosphate
__________is the major cation of extracellular fluid
Sodium
___________is freely filtered by the glomeruli.
sodium
The interval for serum Na+ is ____________
Urinary sodium excretion varies with dietary intake, but for
people on an average diet containing ___________ an
interval of __________ is typical
135 to 145 mmol/L
8 to 15g /day,
40 to 220 mmol/day
SERUM INTERVAL
There is a large diurnal variation in Na
+ excretion,
with the rate of Na+ excretion during then ight
being only _______ of the peak rate during the day.
20%
6 POSSIBLE SPECIMENS
SERUM
PLASMA
URINE
WHOLE BLOOD
SWEAT
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Certain coagulants should be used
PLASMA (Lithium heparin, ammonium heparin, and
lithium oxalate)
Increased sodium concentration in the serum[blood]
● Results from excess loss of water relative to Na
+ loss, decreased water intake, or increased Na
+ intake or
retention
HYPERNATREMIA
It is LESS COMMONLY SEEN in hospitalized patients
than in hyponatremia.
HYPERNATREMIA
___________ may occur either by
the kidney or through profuse sweating, diarrhea or
severe burns.
LOSS OF HYPOTONIC FLUID - HYPERNATREMIA
● May result from loss of water in diabetes insipidus
HYPERNATREMIA
___________ defined as an increased sodium
concentration in plasma water, and is generally diagnosed a
serum sodium levels __________
Hypernatremia
>145 mmol/L
____________ may not be accompanied by
hypoosmolality, hypernatremia is always associated with an
increased effective plasma osmolality, and hence with a
reduced cell volume.
hyponatremia
Hypernatremia can be due to the following: (3)
- Excess water loss
- Decreased water intake
- Increased intake or retention