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CCLEC 2 LAB > CC LEC 2 MIDTERMS > Flashcards

CC LEC 2 MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

Total body water volume weight

A

40 L; 60%

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2
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

25 L ; 40%

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3
Q

Extracellular body weight

A

15 L; 20%

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4
Q

Interstitial fluid volume

A

12 L; 80%

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5
Q

Plasma

A

3L or 20%

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6
Q

refers to the water or fluid that is outside the cells but within the tissues

A

Interstitial volume

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7
Q

Remaining 3L present in the blood vessels

A

Plasma volume

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8
Q

the major Extracellular cation

A

Sodium

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9
Q

the major Extracellular anion

A

Chloride

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10
Q

the major Intracellular cation

A

Potassium

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11
Q

is outside the cell

A

Sodium

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11
Q

the major Intracellular anion

A

Phosphate

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12
Q

Potassium

A

is inside the cell

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13
Q

2 concentrations of ions

A

Active transport
Diffusion

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14
Q

Requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes

A

Active transport

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15
Q

Molecules move against the concentration gradient

A

Active transport

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16
Q

For ever 3 ions of sodium needed to go outside of the cell there is corresponding entry of 2 potassium ions from plasma

A

ATPase-dependent Na+ -K ion pumps

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17
Q

Molecule is transported with the use of a channel
protein

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

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18
Q

● Molecule goes easily through the cell membrane

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

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19
Q

The molecule will make use of a protein to be
eliminated outside the cell/ to enter the cell

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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20
Q

per kilogram of solvent
(w/w)

A

OSMOLALITY

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21
Q

per liter of solvent(w/v)

A

OSMOLARITY

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22
Q

The number of sodium molecules
circulating in the plasma refers to _________________

A

PLASMA OSMOLALITY

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23
Q

One of the triggers for the release of Renin and
Angiotensinogen is the ______________________

A

low plasma osmolality

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24
Q

_____________ is activated to increase the osmolality via
the reabsorption of Sodium

A

RAAS

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25
Q

● Normal plasma osmolality

○__________________ mOsm/kg of plasma H2O

A

275 - 295

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26
Q

It will reabsorb water

A

ADH

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27
Q

What happens if water is reabsorbed?

A

● Plasma will become diluted

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28
Q

excess water intake ➔ _________________
(becomes diluted
AVP and thirst are ______________
○ Water is ________________ – since there is no
AVP. Since AVP is one of the major
mechanismsin the body to reabsorb water.
■ ______________________ – LOWER
SPECIFIC GRAVITY

A

WATER LOAD

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29
Q

less/no water intake&raquo_space;> ____________________
(many solutes/dissolved substances in the plasma)
○ AVP and thirst are ______________
■ Water is _______________
● _________________ - signifies the
presence of dissolved
substances

A

WATER DEFICIT

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30
Q

Target: increase volume after drinking water; and
decrease osmolality (both are stimulus

A

THIRST MECHANISM

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31
Q

● Plasma osmolality should always be _______________

A

normal

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32
Q

Determination of Osmolality

A

Urine or Serum but not plasma

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33
Q

major electrolyte concentration
found outside the cell

A

○ sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

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34
Q

______________ contains many substances that may
affect osmolality, therefore it is not
counted (Clotting factors, etc

A

Plasma

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35
Q

colligative properties of a solution

A

○ freezing point
○ vapor pressure
○ osmotic pressure
○ boiling point

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36
Q

________________ must be centrifuged to remove
extraneous particles

A

Turbid specimen

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37
Q

_________________ is immersed in the sample

A

thermistor

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38
Q

Pressure that opposes osmosis
when a solvent flows through a
semipermeable membrane to
establish equilibrium between
compartments of differing
concentration

A

Osmotic pressure

39
Q

pressure exerted by the vapor
when the liquid solvent is in
equilibrium with the vapor

A

Vapor pressure

40
Q

Temperature at which the first
crystal (solid) of solvent forms in
equilibrium with the solution

A

Freezing point

41
Q

Temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the solvent reaches
atmospheric pressure (usually 1
atmosphere

A

Boiling point

42
Q

____________________ is preferred since vapor pressure
measurements can give inaccurate readings when
some substances, such as alcohols, are present in the
samples.

A

Freezing point

43
Q

difference between the measured osmolality and
calculated osmolality

A

OSMOLAL GAP

44
Q

indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically
active substances other than _____________

A

Na +, urea or glucose

45
Q

___________________ are not normal substances
present in the blood; but they can contribute to
osmolality

A

ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, lactate, or
ß-hydroxybutyrate

46
Q

________________ is measured to know if there are
substances present in the blood of the patient

A

Osmolal gap

47
Q

the colligative properties

A

Measured Osmolality

48
Q

Na+, urea or glucose

A

Calculated Osmolality

49
Q

ELECTROLYTES

A

➔ Sodium,
Potassium,
Chloride,
Calcium,
Magnesium,
Lactate,
Phosphate
, Bicarbonate

50
Q

Monovalent cation

A

SODIUM ION

51
Q

● Most abundant cation in the ECF

A

SODIUM ION

52
Q

Accounts 90% of all the ECF cations
○ Large determinant of plasma osmolality
(under normal conditions, blood volume is
regulated by sodium balance)

A

SODIUM ION

53
Q

REGULATION OF SODIUM ION

A

a) Intake of water in response to thirst
b) Excretion of water
c) Blood volume status

54
Q

● 2 Primary active transport:

A

○ Na-K ATPase pump
○ Na-K leak channels

55
Q

● Needs ATP to expel 3 Na+ ions and facilitate entry of
2 K ions inside the cell

A

Na-K ATPase Pump

56
Q

● Diffusion
● In emergency cases that there are not enough active
transport mechanisms to release Na outside the cell,
Na-K Leak Channels can be used

A

Na-K Leak Channels

57
Q

SODIUM

PCT - ___________
Thick Ascending Loop of Henle - ___________
Distal Tubule - ____________
Collecting Duct - ____________

A

65-70%
25%
5%
lowest percent

58
Q

➔ <135mmol/L
➔ One of the most common
electrolyte disorders
Probable cause
● ↑ sodium loss
(renal and
extrarenal)
● ↑ water retention
● Water imbalance

A

HYPONATREMIA

59
Q

➔ >142 or >145 mmol/L
➔ Less common
Probably cause:
● Excess water oss
● Decreased water
intake
● ↑ sodium intake or
retention

A

HYPERNATREMIA

60
Q

deficiency of aldosterone; one of the effects is the
decrease in the production of
aldosterone which is responsible in
producing sodium

A

Hypoadrenalism

61
Q

➔ Low potassium levels in the body
means the tubules will prioritize the
conservation of potassium
➔ Will include Sodium deficiency as
well

A

Potassium Deficiency

62
Q

Diuretics are medications that will
allow patients to lose water
➔ Diuretics are commonly prescribed to patients with edema

A

Diuretic

63
Q

Not good for the body
Will lead to water intoxication

A

Excess water intake

64
Q

The body retained water because of
abnormal release of antidiuretic
hormone

A

SIADH
Syndrome of
Inappropriate
arginine
vasopressin
hormone
secretion

65
Q

There is no problem with the body of the patient, but there is a problem
during testing

A

Pseudohyponatremia

66
Q

Medication that blocks the action of the
antidiuretic hormone

A

Conivaptan

67
Q

● Excess loss of water relative to sodium loss

A

HYPERNATREMIA

68
Q

Deficiency of ADH

A

Neurogenic

69
Q

Renal Tubules cannot respond to ADH

A

Nephrogenic

70
Q

The problem is in the pituitary gland being
unable to secrete ADH
○ You will not be able to reabsorb water; you
will lose water, leading to very high plasma
osmolality

A

Neurogenic

71
Q

Pituitary can produce ADH, but nephrons
cannot recognize them
○ The ADH’s target part is the collecting duct
of the nephron, because once it binds there
it will facilitate the reabsorption of water in
the nephrons

A

Nephrogenic

72
Q

Commonly occurs in those persons who may be
thirsty but who are unable to ask for or obtain water
(adults with altered mental status and infants)

A

Decreased water intake

73
Q

Administration of hypertonic solutions of sodium
○ Sodium bicarbonate
○ Hypertonic dialysis solutions
As long as AVP and thirst mechanism are working, there’s no
alarm

A

Increased sodium intake or retention

74
Q

● Major intracellular cation

A

POTASSIUM ION

75
Q

● 20 times greater inside the cells than outside

A

POTASSIUM ION

76
Q

● “Housed” within the cell

A

POTASSIUM ION

77
Q

cell is at rest; no
signal is received, no action is performed

A

Resting Membrane potential

78
Q

a signal is received; so there is
an action performed

A

Action Potential

79
Q

2 TWO TYPES OF POTENTIAL

A

Resting Membrane potential
Action Potential

80
Q

This channel that traverses
the cell membrane will FACILITATE the continuous
but minimal release of potassium ions from inside
the cell to outside

A

Potassium Channel

81
Q

s a medication for heart problems; the
concern is–these disease at first glance would have no
connection with potassium

A

Digoxin

82
Q

Reference range of osmolal gap

A

0-10

83
Q

Reference range of bicarbonate

A

22-29

84
Q

Reference range of potassium

A

3.5-5.1

85
Q

Reference range of normal osmolality

A

275-295

86
Q

Reference range of sodium

A

136-145

87
Q

It is the abundant mineral

A

Calcium

88
Q

It is the abundant electrocyte

A

Sodium

89
Q

Also known as emergency mechanism

A

Lactate

90
Q

Give me 2 hormones of magnesium

A

Aldosterone and thyroxine

91
Q

3 hormone of calcium

A

Calcitonin
PTH
Vitamin D

92
Q

One reason for PSEUDOHYPERKALEMIA

A

EXERCISE

93
Q

promotes acute entry of K ions into
skeletal muscle and liver by increasing Na-K
ATPase activity

A

INSULIN

94
Q

promote cellular entry of K, whereas
propranolol impairs cellular entry of K

A

CATECHOLAMINES

95
Q

CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION

___________➔ (as hydroxyapatite)
● ________➔ circulation (blood) + ECF
○ ________➔ bound to anions
○ _______ ➔ bound to protein (albumin)
○ _________ ➔ Free/ionized Ca++
(active but hard
to measure alone)

A

99% ➔ (as hydroxyapatite)
● 1% ➔ circulation (blood) + ECF
○ 10% ➔ bound to anions
○ 40% ➔ bound to protein (albumin)
○ 50% ➔ Free/ionized Ca++
(active but hard
to measure alone)

96
Q
A

CCLEC 2 LAB (3 decks)

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