Sodium and fluid balance

Question 1

Explain the relevant proportions of fluid in the body(70)

Answer 1

Question 2

Define osmolality. What is the difference between osmolality and osmlarity. Explain the significance for having different measurements for these units. How is osmolality calculated. (71)

Answer 2

Question 3

Explain where sodium could be found in the body(72)

Answer 3

Question 4

Explain basic principles of giving treatment in hyponatremia(72)

Answer 4

Question 5

Explain how to differentiate between true hyponatraemia, pseudohyponatraemia and hyponatraemiaa with excess osmolality(72,73)

Answer 5

Question 6

Discuss how you would investigate and manage hyponatraemia(74,75)

Answer 6

Question 7

Explain how to diagnose SIADH , gives its causes and explain its treatment(76)

Answer 7

Question 8

Explain how hypernatraemia can develop in hospital and its symptoms. What is the threshold for hypernatraemiia , and explain the typical investigation results(76)

Answer 8

Question 9

Explain the different causes of hypernatraemia(77)

Answer 9

Question 10

Explain how hypernatraemia should be managed(77)

Answer 10

Question 11

Discusss the clinical features, causes of Diabetes insipidus and how it it is investigated(77)

Answer 11