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Social Psychology > SocPsych1-6 > Flashcards

SocPsych1-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

Interplay btwn situational and personality differences; looking within our own culture

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

School of thought of learned or experience bhvr through repeated conditioning

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3
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

tendency of assuming and explaining human bhvr as a personality trait (internal) instead of acknowledging the social setting’s influence (external)

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4
Q

Construal

A

Tool we use to perceive, comprehend, or interpret (construct) reality; comes from need to raise self-esteem

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5
Q

Social Cognition

A

The way we think / make sense of about the world; explains our need to be right about our judgements

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6
Q

Empirical Science

A

Data we used to explain our arguments (experience, evidence-based research, etc.)

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7
Q

Archival Analysis

A

the researcher examines the accumulated documents, or archives, of a culture (e.g., diaries, novels, magazines, and newspapers); cost-effective, but not generalizable

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8
Q

Ethnography

A

Studying/observing as a part of a community; more personal, and detailed, but hard to distance yourself from the group

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9
Q

Observational Methods

A

Description; “What is the nature of the phenomenon?”

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10
Q

Correlational Studies

A

trying to determine if two causes are correlated to each other

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11
Q

Random Sample

A

Everyone has an equal probability/chance to be in study

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12
Q

Representative Sample

A

Certain selection/group of ppl are chosen for a study

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13
Q

Survey

A

a representative sample of people are asked (often anonymously) questions about their attitudes or behavior; cheap, assessable, and massive data sets, but prone to dishonesty and non-participation

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14
Q

Experimental Design

A

the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical

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15
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

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16
Q

Internal Validity

A

Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions

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17
Q

Field Experiment

A

studying in a natural environment; offers comfort for subject, but time-consuming, costly, and not very generalizable

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18
Q

Replication

A

Replicating experiments helps improve validity and reduce errors (boring, but vital)

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19
Q

Basic Research

A

curious pursuit of knowledge; for research’s sake

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20
Q

Applied Research

A

applicable to real life problems

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21
Q

Ethical Issues

A

Consent, deception, debriefing

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22
Q

Schemas

A
  • Mental structures that organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects
  • Influences the way people thinks
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23
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

a person’s or a group’s expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesied or expected behavior (Rosenthal & Jacobson’s bloomers)

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24
Q

Rosenthal & Jacobson’s Bloomers

A

Had 1st graders take an IQ test, then asked 1st grade teachers to pick out their ‘smart kids’; retested, then the smart kids performed better the second time

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25
Q

Accessibility & Priming

A
  • The extent to which schemas are used by someone
  • process by which recent experiences increase accessibility of schema
  • unintentionally looking for things that line up with your own personal narrative
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26
Q

2 factors of accessibility & priming

A
  1. Chronic past experiences related to current goal
  2. Recent experiences
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27
Q

Goal Pursuit

A

goals may conflict with each others, so priming people’s goals in a subtle way could influences their behavior (ex: walking out of church to a disease relief cause will urge you to donate)

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28
Q

Mind & Body Methaphors

A

The mind is connected to the body, and when we think about something or someone, we do so with reference to how our bodies are reacting. (ex: viewing world negative when tired)

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29
Q

Judgemental Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently

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30
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Base a judgment on the ease with which you can bring something to mind

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31
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut we use to classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

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32
Q

Barnum Effect

A

Phenomenon of general personality descriptions apply specifically to them (“That sounds just like me!”)

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33
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

When people mentally change some aspect of the past

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34
Q

Controlled Thinking

A

Thinking that is conscious, inten- tional, voluntary, and effortful

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35
Q

Planning fallacy

A

Tendency for people to be overly optimistic about how soon they will complete a project, despite previous experiences and failings

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36
Q

Universal Emotions

A

Joy, Anger, Fear, Sadness, Disgust

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37
Q

Display rules

A

Cultural norms related to anything that display emotions

38
Q

Emblem

A

Gestures/Body Language (‘Ok’,‘Thumbs Up’)

39
Q

Affect Blend

A

Facial expressions revealing two or more emotions simultaneously

40
Q

Thin Slicing

A

Very limited exposure, forming meaningful first impressions about their abilities or personalities

41
Q

Primacy Effect

A

First traits we perceive in others influence how we process info about them later on (why first impressions matter)

42
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Standing by initial conclusions, even when we learned otherwise

43
Q

Attribution Theory

A

How we infer the causes of other people’s behavior

44
Q

External Attribution

A

The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in, with the assumption that most people would respond the same way in that situation

45
Q

Internal Attribution

A

The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality

46
Q

Medvec et al. 1995

A

When contestants placed in 2nd placed, they were more infuriated and upset about losing than 3rd placers

47
Q

Buehler et al. 1994

A

explains the planning fallacy

48
Q

Covariation Model

A

Examine multiple bhvrs from different time & situations to determine whether to make internal or external attribution

49
Q

5 Types of Attribution Error

A
  1. Fundamental Attribution Error
  2. Perceptual Salience
  3. Two-Step Attribution
  4. Self-Serving Attribution
  5. Bias Blind Spot
50
Q

Consensus information

A

The extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does (“does everyone act the same way?”

51
Q

Distinctiveness Information

A

extent to which a person behaves the same way towards different stimuli

52
Q

Consistency Information

A

How frequent this person behaves in the same way

53
Q

‘Self Concept’

A

How we view ourselves
- Develops through our surrounding & interactions (ex: individualist vs collective)

54
Q

Impression Management

A

Goffman: we bend our behavior appropriate to the setting we’re in, limiting info about our appearance (ex: classroom vs. living room); The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

55
Q

Perceptual Salience

A

whoever tends to be more visible to us, the more we focus on what they’re saying

56
Q

Two-Step Attribution

A

Analyzing another person’s behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behavior

57
Q

Self-Serving Attribution

A

Explanations for one’s successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one’s failures that blame external, situational factors

58
Q

Bias Blind Spot

A

The tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are

59
Q

‘Looking Glass’ Self

A

Cooley: We modify our bhvrs in realation to our reactions from others (ex: telling a joke, and either continuing or stopping them based of audience reaction)

60
Q

Self Evaluation Maintenance

A

When we interact w/ others or still reflecting on our self concept of our of others (ex: comparing yourself to more talented friends)

61
Q

Self Awareness Theory

A

When people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values.

62
Q

Self Perception Theory

A

more reflective on bhvr or something we are uncertain about (factors include past experiences, opinions of others, emotions towards subjects)

63
Q

Two Factor Theory of Emotion

A

(Schate & Singer) Cognitively labeling physiological response (sweating, heart rate) then beginning to feel emotion; The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it

64
Q

Intrinsic

A

goals that you personally find intersting and well worth it

65
Q

Extrinsic

A

goals that relate to surroundings (rewards, pressure)

66
Q

Over-justification effect

A

overly focusing on external motivation, and people become demotivated

67
Q

Task-contingent reward

A

rewards that come from just completing the task (C’s get degrees)

68
Q

Performance-contingent reward

A

doing something well to get the full reward (honor roll in college)

69
Q

Fixed Mindset:

A

stuck level of thinking (I’m always gonna be this way)

70
Q

Growth Mindset

A

belief that through effort, you can become more proficient at something

71
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

72
Q

Social Tuning

A

The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitudes

73
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Discomfort people feel when they behave in ways that challenge their self-esteem / how they feel about themselves

74
Q

3 ways of reducing dissonance

A
  1. Change behavior
  2. Change cognition
  3. Add new cognition
75
Q

Jack Brehm’s Kitchen Appliances

A
  • Subjects asked to rate appliances,
  • When landing on a equal rating, researchers took 1 & asked participants to re-rate
  • Most ended rating the object they chose with a higher rating

We want to justify that our decision was best, though it might not be true

76
Q

Lowballing

A

a technique designed to gain compliance by making a very attractive initial offer to induce a person to accept the offer and then making the terms less favorable

77
Q

Justification of effort

A

The tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain; the more effort we put in to achieve something, them more we are to defend it when it doesn’t seem right

78
Q

External Justification

A

A reason or an explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual (e.g., to receive a large reward or avoid a severe punishment)

79
Q

Ben Franklin Effect

A

a cognitive bias that causes people to like someone more after they do that person a favor, especially if they previously disliked that person or felt neutral toward them.

80
Q

Internal Justification

A

The reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself (e.g., one’s attitude or
behavior)

81
Q

Dehumanizing the enemy

A

Say/ do things that removes them of their humanity (ex: arguments, how gangsters kill each other)

82
Q

Counter-attitudinal Behavior

A

Actual bhvr that directly conflicts w/ our beliefs & morals

83
Q

How We Cope w/ Counterattitudinal Behavior

A

Ben Franklin effect (justifying kindness) & Dehumanization (justifying cruelty)

84
Q

Self Affirmation Theory

A

3rd- party of our own bhvr: “Are we engaging in behaviors that align with our beliefs?”

85
Q

Narcissism / Too much self-esteem

A

Everything we’re doing is to build our self-esteem

86
Q

Informed consent

A

Agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been explained in advance

87
Q

Deception

A

Misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire

88
Q

Debriefing

A

Explaining to participants, at the end of an experiment, the true purpose of the study and exactly what transpired

89
Q

Upward Social Comparison

A

Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

90
Q

Doward Social Comparison

A

Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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