Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSP 3M0 > Sociology (W/ Cards) > Flashcards

Sociology (W/ Cards) Flashcards

1
Q

Values

A

Shared ideas and standards that are considered acceptable and binding.

i.e. Canadian society values equality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Norms

A

Expectations about behaviour in particular contexts.

i.e. Cheering/applause is NORMAL at a concert, but is ABNORMAL in a library.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Roles

A

The expected behaviour of a person in a particular social position.

i.e. “mother/father”, “teacher”, “student”, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Objectivity

A

An approach to sociology in which sociologists’ personal beliefs must be set aside in order for them to avoid making judgments and in order to help them focus on observation and analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Universality

A

An approach to sociology which considers aspects of different cultures which are universal. Sociologists must seek out the universal elements in their subject of study.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Observed that humans are social creatures and define themselves by their social interactions.

i.e. A “daughter/son” is defined by interactions with a parent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Functional Differentiation (Emile Durkheim)

A

Divisions that are created to deal with a complex environment; these divisions operate independently but are connected to one another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Structural Functionalism: Talcott Parsons (01/03)

A

Parsons theorized that all social phenomena and relationships could be explained through their functions in society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structural Functionalism: Talcott Parsons (02/03)

A

Parsons argued that, if something existed in many societies, then it must serve a necessary purpose.

  • Controversial: suggests that negative aspects serve purpose.
    i. e. “racism, since it exists in many societies, must perform a necessary purpose.”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Structural Functionalism: Talcott Parsons (03/03)

A

Parsons found that, although people act in self interest, they have a strong desire to get along and cooperate (“co-op-er-ate”).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Focuses on (the) COMPETITION between social groups FOR POWER. — the struggle between those who have political/economic power and those who don’t.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Karl Marx (01/04)

A

Was a Historian and economist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Karl Marx (02/04)

A

Known for his book, “The Communist Manifesto”, which focuses on CLASS CONFLICT — owner vs. worker.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Karl Marx (03/04)

A

In regards to the environment of the industrial revolution — Argued that the wealthy would make it impossible for the working class to achieve economic equality, therefore the only solution was revolt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Feminist Sociology

A

A re-examination of Sociology from a feminist perspective.

i. e. - gender inequality.
- How men controlled women’s lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Symbolic Interactionism (01/04)

A

Studies human interactions at the micro level (small groups).
- emphasizes the individual as they relate to the larger society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Symbolic Interactionism (02/04)

A

Argues that the emphasis of the individual as they relate to the larger society is the way to understand society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Symbolic Interactionism (03/04)

A

Argues we understand ourselves by the reactions of others.

— understand our own roles by seeing ourselves in others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Symbolic Interactionism (04/04)

A

Argues that we accept certain roles in order to fit into society, and that different societies define these roles differently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Max Weber

A

Known for his theory: Rationalization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rationalization

A

Argues that social actions are motivated by efficiency or benefit rather than morality, custom, or emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bureaucracy

A

A form of administration, where people are given specialized tasks in order to perform them most efficiently and each “department” is supervised in a hierarchy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Charles Cooley

A

Argues that individuals shape society as much as society shapes individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

Took Charles Cooley’s research further and theorized that we create a number of “selves” depending upon the environment in which we are functioning.

i.e who your grandma knows .vs. how you act around your peers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Socialization

A

The life-long process through which humans learn the skills and attitudes they need to function in society.

29
Q

Primary Socialization

A

The process by which we learn to:

  • use language
  • eat
  • practice hygiene
  • deal w/ emotions
  • understand how to behave as male (a man) or female (a woman).
30
Q

Secondary Socialization

A

Learning how to function in particular groups (@ school or church).

31
Q

Anticipatory Socialization

A

The ability we develop to think ahead and act accordingly in situations.

32
Q

Resocialization

A

The deliberate attempt to replace aspects of a person’s socialization.

i.e. prisons being used to change inmates’ learned behaviours into one’s more socially acceptable.

33
Q

The Sequence of Socialization

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Anticipatory
  4. Resocialization
34
Q

Social Identity

A

They way you define yourself to the world and to others.

35
Q

Role Theory: Social Roles

A

The expectations attached to particular positions in society.

36
Q

Types of Groups

A

Dyad:
group of two or more

Primary Group:
small, close-knit, most intimately belonged to

Secondary Group:
impersonal or formal gathering of people

37
Q

Sanctions

A

A reward or punishment that encourages or discourages behaviour.

38
Q

Conformity

A

The process by which someone will alter or change their thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviour to meet the expectations of a group or authority figure.

39
Q

Deviance

A

The/a violation of societal norms and accepted standards.

40
Q

Alienation (01/03)

A

Unequal access to social rewards or privileges, can lead to alienation.

41
Q

Alienation - ‘Micro’ (02/03)

A

Micro (example):
Friends plan and take vacation which you can’t afford, they grow closer as friends because of the trip. You can’t afford to go, so you’re left out of the planning.
- How do you feel over the months they do this?

42
Q

Alienation - ‘Macro’ (03/03)

A

(Macro) — Social inequalities and cultural differences that leave people feeling (to be) on the outside: alienated.

43
Q

Subculture(s)

A

A small group of groups of people within the larger culture but are still different.

44
Q

Karl Marx (04/04)

A

Saw revolution as the only way societies change from one system to the next. — the same way feudal societies had become capitalist, capitalist societies would become communist.

45
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

School of thought which states that institutions exist to perform a positive function or serve a particular need or provide a particular benefit for groups and individuals.

  • “Society is stable WHEN institutions meet the needs of the citizens.”
46
Q

Gender Roles

A

Social norms applicable to the expected behaviours of men and women.

  • They are believed to be internalized at a very young age
    - product of the family agent of primary socialization.
47
Q

Counterculture(s)

A

Counter cultures defiantly oppose the dominant culture of society.

  • Rejects the most prevalent values & norms.
  • Replaces the above with extreme views.
48
Q

Collective Behaviour

A

Behaviour by a large group that does not reflect existing rules, institutions, and structures of society.

  • Is spontaneous—usually in response to a social crisis or natural disaster.
49
Q

Convergence Theory

A

Collective actions that ensue when a large group comes together.

50
Q

Rational Decision Theory

A

Assumes that at some point we make decisions as to whether or not to join in on a collective behaviour.

51
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

Collective behaviour that is kind, generous, and altruistic.

52
Q

Discrimination

A

The act of mistreating groups or individuals unfairly based on their race, gender, or other characteristic.

  • can be overt or systematic.
53
Q

Stereotype

A

An exaggerated view or judgement made about a group or class of people.

54
Q

Racism

A

Erroneous judgement, assumptions, opinions or actions towards a person or group based on the belief that one race is superior to the other.

55
Q

Sexism

A

Attitudes or behaviour based on predetermined ideas of sexual roles that discriminate against others because of their gender/sex.

56
Q

Classism

A

Systematic or personal actions that discriminate against persons according to their socio-economic level, which leads to human needs being unmet.

57
Q

Overt Discrimination

A

Intentional actions taken against an individual or group because of a distinguishing characteristic.

i.e. bullying towards stereotypical ‘nerds’.

58
Q

Systemic Discrimination

A

Subtle and unintentional discrimination against a person or group where the consequences or outcome are not fully understood by those taking action.

59
Q

Learned Theory (Learned Prejudice)

A
  • Prejudice and discrimination are not innate.

- Prejudice and discrimination are learned — acquired through socialization.

60
Q

Competition Theory

A
  • Prejudice and discrimination are fuelled by economic competition.
61
Q

Frustration-Aggression Theory

A
  • A person’s own shortcomings may form the basis for resentment of other groups.
62
Q

Ignorance Theory

A
  • Lack of experience can cause incorrect assumptions about a class or group.
  • can also be deliberate (refusal to learn).
63
Q

Enthocentlrism

A

The practice of evaluating another culture based on the customs and behaviours of your own.

HSP 3M0 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions