sociology terms

Question 1

medicalization

Answer 1

refers to the process in which something (usually a behavioral problem, ex: alcoholism) becomes described and treated as a medical condition when it was not previously conceived in that way

Question 2

health disparity

Answer 2

refers to a difference in health outcomes that is closely related to social or economic factors

Question 3

reference group

Answer 3

any group that an individual compares themself to for self-evaluation (may or may not be a member of)

Question 4

role condlict

Answer 4

the stress that people feel when they are confronted with incompatible role expectations across different social statuses they occupy (ex: employee vs caregiver)

Question 5

race vs ethnicity (sociological perspective)

Answer 5

ethnicity - categorizations of people based on culture and ancestry
race - categorizations of people based on perceived physical characteristics
both are complex, social categories that change over time

Question 6

ethnocentrism

Answer 6

using one’s own cultural standards (such as norms and values) to make judgements about another culture

Question 7

cultural relativism

Answer 7

an awareness of differences across cultures in norms, values , and other elements of culture

Question 8

social stigma

Answer 8

derived from the symbolic interactionist perspective in sociology
calls attention to how certain individuals or groups face social disapproval, which is often associated with a behavior, identity, or other attiribute that is considered deviant by others

Question 9

anomie

Answer 9

describes the alienation that individuals feel when social norms and social bonds are weak
without attachment to society, people experience purposelessness and aimlessness
associated with periods of rapid social change

Question 10

the looking-glass self

Answer 10

suggests that self concept is more than just self-reflection, and the way in which people see themselves is based on how they believe others perceive them during social interactions
aligns with symbolic interactionist paradigm

Question 11

life course approach / perspective

Answer 11

refers to a research perspective that considers how experiences from earlier in life affect outcomes later in life

Question 12

rational choice theory

Answer 12

assumes individual behavior will be based on an implicit analysis of the costs and benefits of actions

Question 13

symbolic interactionism theory

Answer 13

focuses on micro-level social relationships
explains social phenomena in terms of the meaning that they hold when people interact with one another
(ex: group membership)

Question 14

conflict theory

Answer 14

study

Question 15

functionalist theory

Answer 15

studyc

Question 16

social capital

Answer 16

suggests that social networks provide valuable resources, resulting in various health benefits for the individual
emphasizes the tangible resources provided by network members

Question 17

social support

Answer 17

related to health benefits for the individual
emphasizes emotional, or informational benefits provided by network members

Question 18

labeling theory

Answer 18

perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior

Question 19

social constructionism

Answer 19

presumes that ideas (ex: knowledge about health and disease) are created through historical processes that are socially defined and culturally distinct

Question 20

demographic transition

Answer 20

theory of economic development and population change
suggests that changes (specifically industrialization) affect the relationship between fertility and mortality rates in a society
population growth occurs rapidly because the mortality rate falls, over time so does fertility rate, stabilizing a lower rate of population growth

Question 21

social epidemiology

Answer 21

emphasizes how social factors (class, race, and ethnicity) affect the distribution of health and disease
calls attention to the ways in which health and disease are conditioned by the social context

Question 22

dramaturgical theory

Answer 22

uses the metaphor of theater to understand social interactions
when interacting, people are assumed to act in accordance with the expectations of their audience

Question 23

requirements for ethical research

Answer 23

all participants voluntarily participate in the study. at any point, participants should be able to freely withdraw their participation and their data can no longer be used

Question 24

validity

Answer 24

refers to an extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied
(is what is being measured the best way to assess the construct?) (accuracy)

Question 25

reliability

Answer 25

refers to overall consistency of a measure, whether the measure produces similar results under consistent conditions
(precision)

Question 26

generalizability

Answer 26

refers to how well the results of a particular research can be applied to a large group of people

Question 27

standardized research

Answer 27

how well does the experiment keep conditions the same / administer trials the same for all participants?

Question 28

ethnographic research

Answer 28

observing social interactions in real social settings

Question 29

experimental research

Answer 29

involves variables manipulated by researches to compare control and experimental groups / conditions

Question 30

cross-sectional research

Answer 30

studies examine one point in time

Question 31

longitudinal research

Answer 31

studies follow a specific population at multiple time points