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mcat psychology / sociology > chapter 1 kaplan > Flashcards

chapter 1 kaplan Flashcards

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1
Q

parasympathetic nervous system (main goal and specific actions)

A

“rest and digest” conserve energy, associated with resting and sleeping states
- constricts pupils
- stimulates flow of saliva
- constricts bronchi (less air movement)
- slows heart rate
- stimulates peristalsis and exocrine secretions
- stimulates bile release
- contracts bladder
secretes acetylcholine

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2
Q

sympathetic nervous system
(main goal and specific actions)

A

“fight or flight”, responds to stressors like rage and fear
- dilates pupils
- inhibits salivation
- relaxes bronchi (more air movement)
- accelerates heart rate
- stimulates sweating or goosebumps (piloerection)
- inhibits peristalsis and exocrine secretion
- stimulates glucose production and release
- inhibits bladder contraction
- stimulates orgasm
secretes norepinephrine

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3
Q

meninges

A

thick, three-layered sheath of collective tissue surrounding brain
serve to protect brain by keeping it anchored with skull and can resorb cerebrospinal fluid

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4
Q

dura mater

A

external layer of connective tissues surrounding brain
connects directly to the skull

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5
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of connective tissues surrounding brain
fibrous, weblike structure

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6
Q

pia mater

A

inner layer of connective tissues surrounding brain
connects directly to the brain

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7
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

aqueous solution that nourishes brain and spinal chord and serves as a protective cushion
produced by cells lining the ventricles of the brain

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8
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

internal cavities in brain
specialized cells produce cerebrospinal fluid

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9
Q

three basic parts of brain

A

hindbrain and midbrain form brainstem, which evolved first
forebrain evolved later

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10
Q

hindbrain structures

A

composed of cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation, and pons (Really Funky COMP if this is damaged)

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11
Q

midbrain structures

A

inferior and superior colliculi

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12
Q

forebrain structures

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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13
Q

how does brain develop from neural tube

A

rhombencephalon develops into hindbrain, and is composed of metencephalon and myelencephalon
mesencephalon develops into midbrain
prosencephalon develops into forebrain, and is composed of telencephalon and diencephalon

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14
Q

cerebral cortex AKA neocortex

A

in the forebrain
functions: complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
(ex: language processing, problem solving, impulse control, long term planning)
most recently developed structure
divided into four lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

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15
Q

basal ganglia

A

in the forebrain
functions: movement

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16
Q

limbic system

A

in the forebrain
functions: emotion and memory (ex: aggression, fear, pleasure)
contains amygdala, hippocampus

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17
Q

thalamus

A

in the forebrain
functions: sensory relay station for all senses except smell (receives, sorts, and transmits signals according to type of signal)

18
Q

hypothalamus

A

in the forebrain
functions: homeostasis, emotion
divided into lateral, ventromedial, and anterior sections

19
Q

inferior and superior colliculi

A

in the midbrain
functions: control sensorimotor reflexes
superior receives sensory info from visual system
inferior receives sensory info from auditory system

20
Q

cerebellum

A

in the hindbrain
functions: refined motor movements and balance

21
Q

medulla oblongata

A

in the hindbrain
functions: autonomic reflexes

22
Q

reticular formation

A

in the hindbrain
functions: arousal and alertness

23
Q

pons

A

in the hindbrain
functions: links medulla oblongata and thalamus, breathing

24
Q

cortical maps

A

electrically stimulating the brain and recording consequent brain activity
relies on assistance of patient who is awake and alert
invasive mapping procedure

25
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

involves placing several electrodes of scalp to detect and record broad patterns of electrical activity
noninvasive mapping procedure

26
Q

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A

detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain
patient inhales a harmless radioactive gas so scanning devices can measure blood flow
noninvasive mapping procedure

27
Q

CT aka CAT scan

A

multiple x-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the tissue

28
Q

PET scan

A

radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged

29
Q

MRI

A

magnetic field that interacts with hydrogen atoms is used to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

30
Q

fMRI

A

uses same basis as MRI but specifically measures associated with blood flow
especially useful for monitoring neural activity

31
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

“hunger center”
has receptors that respond to body’s need for increased food or fluids
(when removed, person Lacks Hunger)

32
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

“satiety center”
provides signals to stop eating
(when removed, person is Very Much Hungry)

33
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

controls sexual behavior, sleep, and body temperature

34
Q

posterior pituitary

A

axonal projections of hypothalamic neurons
secretes ADH and oxytocin

35
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm
receives direct signals from retina to coordinate with sunlight

36
Q

septal nuclei

A

in limbic system
primary pleasure center

37
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to establish new long-term memories, but memories for events prior to brain injury are intact

38
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall memories that transpired before brain injury, but ability to form new long-term memories is still intact

39
Q

gyri and sulci

A

gyri are bumps in cerebral cortex
sulci are folds in cerebral cortex
increase surface area

40
Q
A

mcat psychology / sociology (3 decks)

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