chapter 1 kaplan

Question 1

parasympathetic nervous system (main goal and specific actions)

Answer 1

“rest and digest” conserve energy, associated with resting and sleeping states
- constricts pupils
- stimulates flow of saliva
- constricts bronchi (less air movement)
- slows heart rate
- stimulates peristalsis and exocrine secretions
- stimulates bile release
- contracts bladder
secretes acetylcholine

Question 2

sympathetic nervous system
(main goal and specific actions)

Answer 2

“fight or flight”, responds to stressors like rage and fear
- dilates pupils
- inhibits salivation
- relaxes bronchi (more air movement)
- accelerates heart rate
- stimulates sweating or goosebumps (piloerection)
- inhibits peristalsis and exocrine secretion
- stimulates glucose production and release
- inhibits bladder contraction
- stimulates orgasm
secretes norepinephrine

Question 3

meninges

Answer 3

thick, three-layered sheath of collective tissue surrounding brain
serve to protect brain by keeping it anchored with skull and can resorb cerebrospinal fluid

Question 4

dura mater

Answer 4

external layer of connective tissues surrounding brain
connects directly to the skull

Question 5

arachnoid mater

Answer 5

middle layer of connective tissues surrounding brain
fibrous, weblike structure

Question 6

pia mater

Answer 6

inner layer of connective tissues surrounding brain
connects directly to the brain

Question 7

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 7

aqueous solution that nourishes brain and spinal chord and serves as a protective cushion
produced by cells lining the ventricles of the brain

Question 8

ventricles of the brain

Answer 8

internal cavities in brain
specialized cells produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 9

three basic parts of brain

Answer 9

hindbrain and midbrain form brainstem, which evolved first
forebrain evolved later

Question 10

hindbrain structures

Answer 10

composed of cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation, and pons (Really Funky COMP if this is damaged)

Question 11

midbrain structures

Answer 11

inferior and superior colliculi

Question 12

forebrain structures

Answer 12

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Question 13

how does brain develop from neural tube

Answer 13

rhombencephalon develops into hindbrain, and is composed of metencephalon and myelencephalon
mesencephalon develops into midbrain
prosencephalon develops into forebrain, and is composed of telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 14

cerebral cortex AKA neocortex

Answer 14

in the forebrain
functions: complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
(ex: language processing, problem solving, impulse control, long term planning)
most recently developed structure
divided into four lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

Question 15

basal ganglia

Answer 15

in the forebrain
functions: movement

Question 16

limbic system

Answer 16

in the forebrain
functions: emotion and memory (ex: aggression, fear, pleasure)
contains amygdala, hippocampus

Question 17

thalamus

Answer 17

in the forebrain
functions: sensory relay station for all senses except smell (receives, sorts, and transmits signals according to type of signal)

Question 18

hypothalamus

Answer 18

in the forebrain
functions: homeostasis, emotion
divided into lateral, ventromedial, and anterior sections

Question 19

inferior and superior colliculi

Answer 19

in the midbrain
functions: control sensorimotor reflexes
superior receives sensory info from visual system
inferior receives sensory info from auditory system

Question 20

cerebellum

Answer 20

in the hindbrain
functions: refined motor movements and balance

Question 21

medulla oblongata

Answer 21

in the hindbrain
functions: autonomic reflexes

Question 22

reticular formation

Answer 22

in the hindbrain
functions: arousal and alertness

Question 23

pons

Answer 23

in the hindbrain
functions: links medulla oblongata and thalamus, breathing

Question 24

cortical maps

Answer 24

electrically stimulating the brain and recording consequent brain activity
relies on assistance of patient who is awake and alert
invasive mapping procedure

Question 25

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 25

involves placing several electrodes of scalp to detect and record broad patterns of electrical activity noninvasive mapping procedure

Question 26

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

Answer 26

detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain patient inhales a harmless radioactive gas so scanning devices can measure blood flow noninvasive mapping procedure

Question 27

CT aka CAT scan

Answer 27

multiple x-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the tissue

Question 28

PET scan

Answer 28

radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged

Question 29

MRI

Answer 29

magnetic field that interacts with hydrogen atoms is used to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

Question 30

fMRI

Answer 30

uses same basis as MRI but specifically measures associated with blood flow especially useful for monitoring neural activity

Question 31

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 31

"hunger center" has receptors that respond to body's need for increased food or fluids (when removed, person Lacks Hunger)

Question 32

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 32

"satiety center" provides signals to stop eating (when removed, person is Very Much Hungry)

Question 33

anterior hypothalamus

Answer 33

controls sexual behavior, sleep, and body temperature

Question 34

posterior pituitary

Answer 34

axonal projections of hypothalamic neurons secretes ADH and oxytocin

Question 35

pineal gland

Answer 35

secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm receives direct signals from retina to coordinate with sunlight

Question 36

septal nuclei

Answer 36

in limbic system primary pleasure center

Question 37

anterograde amnesia

Answer 37

inability to establish new long-term memories, but memories for events prior to brain injury are intact

Question 38

retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

inability to recall memories that transpired before brain injury, but ability to form new long-term memories is still intact

Question 39

gyri and sulci

Answer 39

gyri are bumps in cerebral cortex sulci are folds in cerebral cortex increase surface area