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Sociology of Deviance > Sociology of Deviance > Flashcards

Sociology of Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

Social structure produces structural strain and causes deviance.

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2
Q

Organic Model

A

Like a physical organism, society needs to maintain itself. if there is a change in the environment, society adapts. what is no longer needed (no purpose) dies off..

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3
Q

Merton: Manifest Functions Vs. Latent Functions

A

Manifest: Visible and comprehensible consequences.
Latent: consequences are less obvious and often unrecognized.

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4
Q

Merton: Strain

A

the strain between the goals of the American dream (nuclear family) and the limited institutional means of goal attainment.

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5
Q

Merton: 5 Individual Adaptations.

A
  1. conformity
  2. innovation
  3. ritualism
  4. retreatism
  5. rebellion
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6
Q

Merton: 10 Eufunctions

A

deviance can bring positive functions
1. clarification rules
2. testing of the rules
3. alternative means of goal attainment
4. safety valve
5. tension release and solidarity
6. boundary maintenance
7. scapegoating
8. raising the value of conformity
9. early warning system
10. protection of vested interests

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7
Q

Merton: Dysfunctions

A

deviance bringing dysfunction.

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8
Q

Subcultural and social learning theories.

A

theories that explain deviance as ideas produced in subcultures and transmitted by learning.

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9
Q

Argot: main study.

A

the insider language of subcultures

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10
Q

Argot: vocabularies of motive

A

these are justifications and excuses for behaviour which work to neutralize the dominant narrative.
- the reasons why certain subcultures act in certain ways.
- why do biker gangs wear leather jackets?

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11
Q

Argot: Subculture

A

repeated and shared experiences.

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12
Q

Sutherland: Differential Association (Learning Theory)

A

why do some people become criminals and others do not?

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13
Q

Sutherland: 9 Postulates.

A
  1. Criminal behaviour is learned
    Every criminal needs a teacher
  2. An individual learns criminality through interaction & communication with others
    - Now including digital communication
    3)
    The kind of interaction that matters most takes place within small, intimate groups. - The family - Peer group Significant others /reference others (people we admire)
    Ideas and concepts learned from these groups are much more influential than mass media.
    4)
    What is learned in intimate interaction includes both the techniques of the crime and the motives for the crime
    Just because you know how to pick a lock doesn’t necessarily mean you want to break into someone’s home.
    Why?
    5)
    Motives and/or drives are learned from definitions of the legal/moral codes as favourable or unfavourable
    Some subcultures evaluate deviant behaviour differently from other groups.
    6)
    Deviance comes from excess definitions favourable to violation of the law over unfavourable
    Scale
    7)
    Certain variables affect the impact of favourable and unfavourable definitions
    -frequency (how often you’re exposed to it/those people)
    -duration (how long are the visits?)
    -Priority (associations formed earlier in life than later in life)
    -Intensity (how much we admire the people giving us these messages)
    8)
    The process of learning criminal behaviour involves all of the processes involved in any other learning (if you can learn deviance you can learn conformity, the only difference is what is learned, not how it is learned)
    9)
    The criminal is not exceptional in what he/she wants (normal people trying to meet their needs)
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14
Q

Sutherland: who becomes a criminal.

A
  • If you are exposed to more definitions in your lifetime in favour of violating the law, you are more likely to violate the law. Visa Versa
  • when someone is given a label it typically sticks for life.
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15
Q

Interaction Theory

A

Deviance is a human creation- a social construction that emerges out of interaction becomes real and affects subsequent events.
- Deviance is relative to the judgements made by others

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16
Q

Name of Mead’s theory?

A

“The Me and the I”

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17
Q

Mead: Me Vs. I

A

the ME: is responsive and receptive, composed of messages from others.

the I: The “I” is independent of particular situations

Only one “I” exists, but many “Me’s” can co-exist.

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18
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

emphasizes how meaning emerges in social interaction, and how the social self is produced by socialization.

19
Q

labelling theory

A

Deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits; rather, deviance is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label- Becker

20
Q

Tannenbaum and the Dramatization of Evil

A

everyone participates in deviant behaviour, but it is those that are caught and labelled who will more likely to become career deviants.

21
Q

Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviation

A

Primary: having been accused of having committed an“act” but not having developed a deviant identity

Secondary: coming to think of oneself
as deviant

22
Q

moral panic

A

this is a phenomenon whereby people become concerned disproportionally about an issue of social concern. “They perceive the danger as greater than the potential for harm”

23
Q

6 main concepts of labelling theory

A
  1. career deviance
    - the stages the person passes through to see themselves as deviant
  2. master status
    - one that overrides all other statuses’
  3. moral entrepreneurs
    - influencers, the wealthy
  4. moral crusades
    - social movements
  5. moral panic
  6. labelling contests.
    - pro-life vs. pro-choice.
24
Q

phenomenology

A
  • common-sense constructs of meaning that make society available to our consciousness.
  • It looks at the deep rules which operate in society.
  • the social order is a fragile human accomplishment resting on deep rules that maintain a sense of order and meaning in the face of chaos and meaninglessness.
25
Q

ethnomethodology

A

Focuses on the norms that precede social interaction.

26
Q

Garfinkle

A

norms that proceed social interaction are “member methods”

27
Q

Goffman: Dramaturgical theory

A

“Life is a stage, and we are all its players” - Shakespeare

28
Q

Social Control Theory

A
  • Control Theory focuses on the nature of the barriers to deviance, rather than the desires and drives of the individual.
  • It asks how socialization and supervision keep us on conventional paths
29
Q

Reckless: containment theory

A

He looked at the inner and outer factors which contain the average person but are absent or weak in deviants.

30
Q

Reckless: Inner controls (direct)

A

feelings of shame, self-regulation.

31
Q

Reckless: Outer Controls (direct)

A

security cameras
police officers
foot patrol
deviant opportunities
friends who lead us to deviance

32
Q

Hirschi: Social Bond Theory

A

He claims that each of us obeys rules if we form strong bonds to society

33
Q

Hirschi: the 4 elements of social bond theory

A
  1. Attachment refers to having a strong bond with significant others, and reference others. Strong attachment to family or peer groups will tend to lead to conformity
  2. Commitment: refers to having a strong bond to occupational aspirations. The loftier the occupational goals, the stronger the bond to conformity.
  3. Involvement: People deeply committed to conventional lines of action are likely to devote much of their time and energy to conventional activities
  4. Belief: is the acceptance of the dominant value system of society and focuses mainly on values such as respect for the law, concern for teachers’ opinions, etc.
34
Q

Hirschi & Gottfredson: Low self-control theory

A

focuses on inner controls, specifically the regulation provided by the individual’s capacity to defer gratification and control impulses. This theory locates the source of deviance within the deviant.

35
Q

critical conflict theories

A

According to Conflict theories, poverty, greed, disadvantage and all forms of injustice are by-products of the capitalist system. Therefore, deviance is not normal nor is it inevitable.

These theorists attempt to expose the structures and systems that increase wealth, advantage & privilege for some while exploiting others.

36
Q

conflict theory: main belief?

A

those who are labelled ’deviant’ are simply people attempting to make the best out of unequal opportunities.

37
Q

conflict theory: 7 propositions

A
  1. power is the most important explanatory variable
  2. groups with clashing interests and values and with unequal resources compete with one another, producing winners and losers.
  3. groups struggle to have their own definitions of right and wrong established as part of the status quo.
  4. definitions of crime and regulation are weapons in the struggle between groups for a share in the power system
  5. deviance is neither normal nor inevitable. people break rules because something is wrong with how society is structured.
  6. the source of deviance does not reside in the body or mind of the person, but rather in the unequal relationships between people.
  7. critical theorists are, inherently involved in a long-term process of building “grass-roots” (bottom-up) resistance to transform existing structures of domination and inequality.
38
Q

praxiological research

A

doing something with the theories you come up with.
- combining academic work with activism

39
Q

false consciousness

A

people basing their decisions on a false reality. Little fish in dirty water. Little fish doesn’t know anything other than dirty water. Removing the veil of false consciousness is like putting little fish in a bowl of clean water.

40
Q

Marx: Theory of Alienation (4)

A
  1. Workers are alienated from the product of their labour.
  2. Workers are alienated from the act of working
  3. Workers are alienated from themselves
  4. Workers are alienated other workers
41
Q

Neo-Marxism

A

Neo-Marxists believe the economic system creates a wealthy class of owners and a poor class of workers. They also believe that certain social institutions such as churches, prisons and schools have been created to maintain the division between the powerful and the powerless

42
Q

hegemony

A

Hegemonic power is the legitimate control by the dominant group of the masses through ideas.

43
Q

Hegemony: 3 main points

A
  1. The divisions of class, ethnicity, race and gender shape the rules/laws that make deviance and crime
  2. Repression by authorities is ineffective social control that perpetuates injustice
  3. Purely positivistic, number-crunching approaches to the study of crime and deviance are too limiting…

Sociology of Deviance (2 decks)

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