sociology exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The sociologist Erving Goffman developed what?
A
The field of microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the “seemingly trivial.”
2
Q
According to Erving Goffman, social interaction is like
A
Performing a play in a theater.
3
Q
Response cry indicates to others that
A
Though there was a momentary slip, you we subsequently remain competent
4
Q
During a dinner at a fancy restaurant, a young woman knocks over a glass of water as she reaches for the salt. As the water soaks the tablecloth she exclaims, “Oops, sorry!”. This is an example of
A
Response cry
5
Q
Civil inattention is defined as
A
Acknowledging the presence of others but avoiding interaction.
6
Q
Two people are standing together in an elevator, but they do not speak to each other or look each other in the eye. This is an example of
A
Civil inattention
7
Q
People engage in audience segregation to
A
Reconcile their role in one part of life with their role in another part of their social world.
8
Q
being openly gay at home but being “straight” at work for fear of discrimination. This is an example of
A
Audience segregation
9
Q
while grocery shopping, you run into your sociology professor. This creates an awkward interaction since you are not used to seeing her outside of class and you are not sure how to behave. This is an example of
A
Audience segregation
10
Q
People use impression management to
A
Compel others to react to them in ways they wish.
11
Q
A CEO wears a suit and tie to a board meeting and later in the day changes into jeans and a T-shirt to attend a football event with friends. This is an example of
A
Impression management
12
Q
Wearing a new dress on a first date is an example of
A
Impression management
13
Q
Maria’s friend posted an unflattering picture of her from a Halloween party on Facebook. Maria was embarrassed and quickly took it down since she is friends with many coworkers on Facebook. This is an example of
A
Impression management
14
Q
In order to understand a conversation, we need to understand the social context, which is why electronic communication such as email or text messaging can lead to?
A
miscommunication
15
Q
Social status a.k.a
A
Social position
16
Q
Social status is the particular slot or position you hold in
A
A given social structure
17
Q
A sibling, a spouse, a student, an employee, and a parent are all examples of
A
Social status
18
Q
Socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as
A
Social roles
19
Q
The social positions that a person occupies determines that person’s
A
Social roles
20
Q
The social positions that a person occupies determines that person’s?
A
Social roles
21
Q
Founded the field of ethnomethodology, the study of micro interaction.
A
Harold Garfinkel
22
Q
The study of how people sustain meaningful interactions with each other
A
Ethnomethodology
23
Q
Ethnomethodology is the study of
A
Ethnomethods, which every person uses in day-to-day life to make sense of what others do
24
Q
According to Harold Garfinkel, people use _________ ________ to structure and organize everyday conversation.
A
background expectancies
25
The technique used to examine the organized principles of talk is called
Conversation analysis
26
Interactional vandalism is defined as
A subordinate person breaking the tacit rules of interaction
27
a street vendor tries to sell products to people by walking next to them and putting the products in people’s line of vision. As he does so, people ignore him and avert their eyes. This is an example of
Interactional vandalism
28
Interactional vandalism, such as when men on the street call out to and follow women, is likely to have the effect of
Supporting status positions
29
Deviance refers to
Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society
30
We are all rule
Creators
31
Deviance varies by
Social context
32
True or False: Some people choose to be deviant.
True
33
Some people are deviant because they are incapable of
Following the rules
34
True or false: Most of us, on some occasions, violate generally accepted rules of behavior
True
35
Norms are rules of
Conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of situations
36
A sanction is a
Mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior
37
There are _______ and ________ sanctions and ______ and ______ sanctions
Positive and Negative and Formal and Informal
38
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a veteran police officer’s criticism of a rookie police officer for not acting aggressively enough during an altercation with a suspect is an example of
A) a negative informal sanction
B) a positive informal sanction
C) a negative formal sanction
D) a positive formal sanction
```
A) a negative informal sanction
39
Laws are
Norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow
40
Crime is any type of
Behavior that violates laws
41
Some of the first attempts to explain crime emphasized what?
Biological factors
42
A recent study mentioned in your textbook of New Zealand children investigated whether a child’s propensity for aggression was linked to biological factors present at birth. Researchers that conducted that study would agree that a baby with a genetic predisposition for alcoholism would
Not likely become a problem drinker if his or her social environment provided few opportunities to drink
43
Withdrawn, emotionless characters who delight in violence for its own sake
Psychopaths
44
Psychopaths lack
The moral sense and concern for others held by most normal people
45
Psychopaths are not inevitably
Criminal
46
People with psychopathic characteristics might be
Explorers, spies, or gamblers
47
Nearly all studies of people said to possess psychopathic characteristics have been of
Convicted prisoners
48
Theorizing that terrorists have a certain personality profile is an example of
The psychological view of deviance
49
Sociology does not place the source of deviant behavior within an individual, unlike
Neuroscience, genetics, biology, and psychology
50
From the sociological perspective:
| Behavior varies according to
Social context
51
From the sociological perspective:
| Definitions of deviance vary based on
Social context
52
From the sociological perspective:
| Crime depends on
The social institutions of a society
53
From the sociological perspective:
| Crime results from lack of
Moral regulation within society
54
A concept brought into wide usage in sociology by Émile Durkheim
Anomie
55
Refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
Anomie
56
Who says Deviance is necessary for society?
Emile Durkheim
57
Who says Deviance can contribute to the stability of society?
Emile Durkheim
58
Who says Deviance in an innovative force?
Emile Durkheim
59
Who says Deviance promotes boundary maintenance
Emile Durkheim
60
Emile Durkheim says 4 things about deviance, what are they?
Deviance is necessary for society.
Deviance can contribute to the stability of society.
Deviance in an innovative force.
Deviance promotes boundary maintenance.
61
What are the 4 functions of deviance?
Deviants help us to understand what is considered “right” and “wrong.”
We try very hard to avoid the sanctions that result from doing “wrong.”
We try to avoid deviance so that we will not be treated as social outcasts.
Public punishments prevent us from behaving in a similar way.
62
According to who, at a time when society as a whole is becoming more affluent, crime rates continue to rise because of a sense of relative deprivation among those at the bottom
Robert Merton
63
In Robert Merton’s typology, drug dealers would be?
Innovators
64
In Robert Merton’s typology, the majority of people in society are?
Conformists
65
Who found that boys in the lower working class who are frustrated with their positions in life often joined together in delinquent subcultures that rejected middle-class values and replaced them with norms that celebrate defiance.
Albert Cohen
66
Differential association theory proposes that we become deviant when
Exposed to a higher level of deviant persons and influences, compared to conventional influences.
67
According to differential association theory, a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime is more likely to be
A delinquent than a poor person whose friends do not commit crime.
68
Control theory views crime as?
The outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it.
69
You have a strong attachment to friends who value good grades and hard work, therefore you value good grades and hard work.
You are a high school dropout, so you have little to lose by being arrested.
School and work keep you constantly busy, so you have little time to spend engaged in deviant activities.
You believe in honesty and hard work.
These are all examples of?
Statements is reflective of control theory
70
Who would agree with the most with conflict theory.
Karl Marx
71
From the perspective of the new criminology, laws are used by?
The powerful to maintain their own privileged positions.
72
From the perspective of labeling theory, deviance is seen as? and give a example
```
A process of interaction between deviants and nondeviants.
E.g., two groups of boys, one working class and the other middle class, engage in equal amounts of delinquent activities. One group is considered “just boys being boys,” and the other is considered “troublemakers.”
```
73
Fifteen-year-old Diego is arrested and spends thirty days in juvenile detention. He begins to see himself as a delinquent while there. When he is released, he commits more crimes. The crimes that he commits after being released would be considered by Edwin Lemert as?
Secondary deviance
74
Factors sociologists consider to be related to crime
1) widespread poverty
2) the conditions of the inner cities
3) the structure of society
4) the deteriorating life circumstances of many young men
75
The reports contain official data reported to law enforcement agencies.
The reports focus on “index crimes.”
The reports exclude fraud and embezzlement.
The reports include only those crimes reported to law enforcement agencies.
The reports do not accurately reflect crime rates.
What is the reports called?
Uniform Crime Reports
76
The National Crime Victimization Survey has found that crime rates are
Actually higher than those reported by official agencies.
77
Violent crime is less common in?
```
in suburbs than in cities or small towns
in small towns than in cities or suburbs
today than in the early 1990s
in Switzerland than the United States
in countries where handguns and other firearms are banned
```
78
Factors contributing to the decline of crime rates in the 1990s
aggressive law enforcement
a declining market for crack cocaine
the stigmatization of crack among young urban dwellers
the booming economy of the 1990s
79
Men are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared to?
Women
80
Older persons are less likely to be
Victims and perpetrators of crime compared to young persons.
81
Whites are less likely to be?
Victims and perpetrators of crime compared to African Americans.
82
Residents of the suburbs are less likely to be
Victims and perpetrators of crime compared to inner-city residents.
83
In 2009, what percent of people in jail were men.
87.8
84
What is the most likely age to be arrested for a crime.
18 or 19
85
As young people gradually transition into adulthood, they acquire
Social attachments and commitments that make “conventional” behavior rewarding.
86
Most youthful deviants do not go on to become?
Career criminals
87
Crime typically carried out by people in the more affluent sectors of society is called?
White-collar crime
88
The amount of money involved in white-collar crime in the US is how many times greater than the amount involved in crimes against property (robberies, burglaries, larceny, forgeries, and car thefts).
Forty times greater
89
Authorities regard white-collar crime in a more tolerant light than crimes of?
The less privileged
90
Rarely do people caught committing white-collar crime go to?
Jail
91
Types of white-collar crime are?
The manufacture or sale of dangerous products
| Illegal environmental pollution
92
Offenses committed by large corporations in society is called?
Corporate crime
93
A pesticide company dumps pollutants into the local river.
A food manufacturer puts false nutrition information on its product labels.
An automobile company manufactures and knowingly sells an SUV that rolls over easily.
Corporate executives lie about their company’s profits.
These are all examples of?
Corporate crimes
94
What country has the highest incarceration rate in the world?
The United States
95
Between 1987 and 2007, the adjusted for inflation spending on corrections increased by?
127 percent
96
An experiment by sociologist Devah Pager showed that a black man with a criminal record is the least likely to be hired. This is an example of?
The impact of a criminal record and race on getting a job
97
In class systems, the boundaries between classes
Fluid and not very clear-cut
98
According to who, because workers produce more than is actually needed to pay them, the relationship between workers and capitalists in an industrial society is exploitative.
Karl Marx
99
Who believed that status distinctions are equally as important as class distinctions in understanding social stratification?
Max Weber
100
Who would be the most likely to argue that a medical doctor achieved the position solely based on his or her own talent and efforts.
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore
101
Income inequality grew dramatically in the?
1970s as the income of the richest 20 percent saw its incomes rise 60 percent, while the poorest 20 percent saw its incomes rise by 15 percent.
102
In 2009, Latinos had the?
Lowest percentage for achievement of a high school diploma at 62 percent.
103
The upper class in the United States has a?
Distinctive lifestyle and is politically influential
104
Eddie is a factory worker who makes about $32,000 a year. Eddie’s wife, Joan, works part-time as a dental assistant and makes about $15,000. Their combined income is just enough to pay their mortgage and make ends meet. Eddie and Joan are considered to be what class?
Working class
105
In the U.S. class system, the “poorest of the poor,” who are structurally disadvantaged and are least likely to
Move out of their class position, are called the underclass
106
Inequality and the gap between rich and poor have been steadily growing in the United States. The richest 20 percent has what percent of the total income, while the poorest 20 percent has what percent of the total income.
50 percent of the total income, while the poorest 20 percent has 3 percent of the total income.
107
Lower social and cultural capital, lower levels of education, and discrimination are factors that account for?
Racial disparities in wealth and income
108
Researchers of social mobility, including who in the 1960s and who in the 1980s, have shown that educational attainment has a great deal to do with ultimate social status
Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan in the 1960s and William Sewell and Robert Hauser in the 1980s
109
Parents reading to their children and encouraging them to do well in school is an example of what Pierre Bourdieu refers to as?
Cultural capital
110
The government determines the poverty line by
Multiplying the cost of an adequate, nutritious diet by three
111
About one-third of children in poverty live in households headed by?
Single mothers
112
The income of most elderly people is dependent on?
Social Security
113
In addition to Social Security, Medicare has/have helped to lift many of?
The elderly out of poverty
114
Unequal distribution of educational resources, lack of universal healthcare, and growing income inequality are?
Structural sources of poverty
115
From the culture of poverty approach, people are poor because they?
Have been socialized into a set of values, beliefs, and norms that result in behavior that leads to poverty.
116
Those who believe that the culture of poverty theory explains why most people are in poverty would favor which of the following anti-poverty programs?
a) subsidized housing
b) universal healthcare
c) welfare-to-work programs
d) food stamps
c) welfare-to-work programs
117
People begin to treat children in specific ways because of their gender from the moment
They are born
118
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growing a beard
choosing to wear a dress
keeping your hair long
deepening your voice
These are all examples of?
```
“doing gender”
119
Variations in gender roles across cultures demonstrate that gender roles are?
Culturally determined
120
Why does gender inequality exist?
a) because men and women generally do different kinds of work
b) because women are responsible for child rearing
c) because men hunt
d) because men engage in military activities
e) because the activities of men and women are valued differently
e) because the activities of men and women are valued differently
121
Over the past fifty years, women’s participation in the paid labor force has?
Risen continuously
122
The increase in female labor force participation over the last fifty years can be explained by the following 3 factors:
1) There has been an increase in demand for clerical and service work.
2) Many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force.
3) A majority of women now work outside the home during their child-bearing years.
123
In 2009, the ratio of women’s to men’s earnings among full-time, year-round workers was what percent
82.1 percent
124
Glass ceiling is
A promotion barrier that prevents a woman’s upward mobility within an organization
125
John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged by management to apply for the vacant principal position at his school. Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers, he is told he will get excellent recommendations. This is an example of what?
Riding the glass escalator
126
Stanford University sociologist Shelley Correll and her colleagues found that mothers are less likely to be job.
Hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job.
127
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Which of the following groups does the most housework?
unmarried childless women
married women with children
unmarried childless men
married men with children
unmarried men with children
```
married women with children
128
Male students interacted more with who than female students did.
Teachers
129
Boys were more often what than girls?
Scolded and punished than girls.
130
Teachers are more likely to solicit information from?
Boys than girls
131
Who is more likely to call out answers in class
Boys were more likely to call out answers in class than girls.
132
When girls tried to bring attention to themselves by calling out in class without raising their hands, they were?
Reprimanded
133
As a result of differential treatment in schools, girls are?
Socialized to be quiet and passive
134
According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, the family is
Most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor, with the females performing the expressive role and the males performing the instrumental role.
135
The approach ignores social tensions.
The approach promulgates a conservative view of the social world.
There is nothing natural or inevitable about the allocation of tasks in society.
The approach condones the subordination of women.
These are all?
Criticisms of the functionalist approach to the family expressed by sociologist Talcott Parsons
136
laws that prohibit discrimination against women
laws that protect women from sexual harassment
affirmative action policies for women
family-friendly policies in the workplace
These are all?
Strategies supported by liberal feminists:
137
The radical feminist perspective would most likely advocate for the?
Overthrowing of the patriarchal order
138
The black feminist perspective focuses on the?
Interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages faced by women.
