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Sociology Year 1 > Sociology Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Sociology Ch. 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is culture? (definition)

A

Socially transmitted practices, languages, symbols, values, etc. that people have created to deal with real-life problems

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2
Q

What is a society? (definition)

A

Number of people who interact and share culture

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the cultural survival kit that humans have created?

A
  • Abstraction
  • Cooperation
  • Production
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4
Q

What do each of the cultural survival kit components give rise to?

A

Abstraction - Ideas
Cooperation - Norms
Production - Elements of material culture

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5
Q

What is Abstraction?

A

Capacity to create symbols (general ideas) that carry a particular meaning

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6
Q

What is Cooperation?

A

Capacity to create a social life by sharing resources and working together

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7
Q

Establishing ___ helps us create a complex social life

A

Norms

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8
Q

What are norms?

A

Generally accepted ways of doing things

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9
Q

What is a folkway norm?

A

Least important type, evokes the least severe reaction/punishment when violated

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10
Q

What is a more norm?

A

Core norm people believe to be essential for the survival of society

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11
Q

What is a taboo norm?

A

Strongest type, causes revulsion when violated and punishment is severe

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12
Q

What type of norm would a man not wearing a shirt outside classify as?

A

Folkway

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13
Q

What type of norm would incest classify as?

A

Taboo

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14
Q

What type of norm would a man not wearing pants outside classify as?

A

More

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15
Q

What is Production?

A

Capacity to make and use tools, improving our ability to take what we want from nature

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16
Q

What are the “tools” we make in production?

A

Material culture

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17
Q

Who is high culture consumed by?

A

The upper class

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18
Q

Who is mass/pop culture consumed by?

A

All classes

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19
Q

What is language? (definition)

A

System of symbols strung together to communicate thought

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20
Q

What are the 3 components of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A
  • Experience
  • Conceptualization
  • Verbalization
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21
Q

Define the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

The language you speak can affect how you view and understand the world around you

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22
Q

List out of the 3 parts of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A
  • We experience things in our environment and form concepts about those things
  • We then develop language to express those concepts
  • That language influences how we see the world
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23
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Judging other cultures by the standards of your own culture

24
Q

What is a caste?

A

Hereditary class authorized by religion

25
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

Government policy that funds and promotes the maintenance of culturally diverse communities

26
Q

What does multiculturalism lead to?

A

Cultural diversification

27
Q

What is the opposite of ethnocentrism?

A

Cultural relativism

27
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Belief that all cultures have equal value

28
Q

What is the rights revolution?

A

Process by which socially excluded groups have struggled to win equal rights under the law and in practice

28
Q

What are rites of passage?

A

Cultural ceremonies that mark the transition of one stage of life to another

29
Q

What is globalization?

A

Process by which formerly separate individuals, groups, etc. are becoming tied together, and people are becoming increasingly aware of their growing interdependence

30
Q

What are the 3 elements of postmodernism?

A
  • Mix of cultural elements from different times and places
  • Erosion of authority
  • Decline of consensus around core values
31
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals, and the unintended, negative consequences of doing so

32
Q

Who coined the term “rationalization”?

A

Max Weber

33
Q

What is consumerism?

A

Tendency to define ourselves in terms of the goods and services we purchase

34
Q

What are countercultures?

A

Subversive subcultures that oppose dominant values

35
Q

_______ acts as a social control mechanism that normally prevents countercultures from disrupting the social order.

A

Consumerism

36
Q

What is dominant culture?

A

Helps rich and powerful categories of people exercise control over others

37
Q

What is subordinate culture?

A

Contests dominant culture to varying degrees

38
Q

“Anyone can become rich if they work hard”. What culture is that belief apart of?

A

Dominant culture

39
Q

What year was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms signed?

A

1982

40
Q

What year was the Canadian Multiculturalism Act adopted in Canada?

A

1988

41
Q

What year did the last residential school close?

A

1996

42
Q

How is cow worship understood by Indians?

A

It’s an economically rational practice

43
Q

Which group of theorists view culture as an independent variable?

A

Functionalists

44
Q

Which group of theorists view culture as an dependent variable?

A

Symbolic Interactionists

45
Q

What are examples of culture as a constraint?

A
  • Rationalization
  • Consumerism
  • Counterculture
46
Q

What are examples of culture as freedom?

A
  • Multiculturism
  • Postmodernism
  • Rights Revolution
47
Q

In the current day, when fathers are portrayed as fool rather than an authority figure is an example of which part of postmodernism?

A

Erosion of authority

48
Q

Which expression did max weber coin to illustrate the effect that rationalization had on modern society?

A

Iron cage

49
Q

The willingness to combine religious beliefs with supernatural beliefs is an example of which part of postmodernism?

A

Mix cultures from different times and places

50
Q

The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis sets out the relationship
among verbalization (language), conceptualization
(thought), and experience. According to Sapir and
Whorf, what is the causal order of these three elements?
a. verbalization ➔ conceptualization ➔ experience ➔
verbalization
b. experience ➔ conceptualization ➔ verbalization ➔
experience
c. verbalization ➔ experience ➔ conceptualization ➔
verbalization
d. experience ➔ verbalization ➔ conceptualization ➔
experience

A

b. experience ➔ conceptualization ➔ verbalization ➔
experience

51
Q

According to the text, what is the main difference
between class and caste?
a. There is no difference; caste is simply the term for
class in India.
b. Castes existed in the distant past; classes exist
now.
c. Castes are justified mainly by religion; classes are not.
d. There are four main classes in Canada; there are six
main castes in India.

A

c. Castes are justified mainly by religion; classes are not.

52
Q

Which of the following statements describes a latent
function?
a. A university is a “marriage market,” that is, a competitive forum for the establishment of long-term,
intimate relations between individuals.
b. A university is an institution of advanced learning
covering a wide range of subjects in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences that are
important to the progress of society.
c. A university is a waste of time.
d. Even a small university costs more to run than
most businesses.

A

a. A university is a “marriage market,” that is, a competitive forum for the establishment of long-term,
intimate relations between individuals.

53
Q

In Canada, what have cultural diversification, multiculturalism, and globalization created?
a. a rights revolution
b. more social constraint
c. heightened ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
d. a postmodern society

A

a. a rights revolution

54
Q

A participant observation researcher compares (i) what
her subjects said in response to her formal interview
questions with (ii) what they said spontaneously or
what she overheard them saying. If (i) does not closely
match (ii), then what should the research conclude?
a. Her findings lack validity.
b. Her findings are valid.
c. Her findings are valid but not reliable.
d. Her findings are reliable but not valid.

A

a. Her findings lack validity.

55
Q

What year was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights signed?

A

1948

Sociology Year 1 (3 decks)

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