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Sociology Year 1 > Sociology Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Sociology Ch. 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Sociology?

A

The systemic study of human behaviour in a social context

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2
Q

What are social structures?

A

Stable patterns of social relations

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3
Q

What is sociological imagination?

A

The quality of mind connecting personal troubles to social structures

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4
Q

What are microstructures?

A

Patterns of social relations formed during face-to-face interaction

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5
Q

What theory emphasizes the role of conflict in causing social change?

A

Conflict Theory

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6
Q

Who proposed that capitalism would lead to a classless society?

A

Karl Marx

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6
Q

What revolution promoted the idea that a science of society was possible?

A

The Scientific Revolution

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6
Q

What is one of the focuses of modern feminism?

A

Patriarchy

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6
Q

Who challenged the idea of cultural hegemony and emphasized cultural resistance?

A

Antonio Gramsci

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6
Q

Which revolution emphasized people’s ability to intervene and improve society?

A

The Democratic Revolution

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6
Q

When did the sociological imagination emerge?

A

When the Three Revolutions were pushed

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6
Q

According to conflict theory, what is the centrality in understanding social life?

A

Inequality

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6
Q

Which revolution resulted from the growth of mechanized industry and created pressing social problems?

A

The Industrial Revolution

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6
Q

Who concluded that our sense of self emerges gradually through interaction with others and the use of symbols?

A

George Herbert Mead

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7
Q

According to modern feminism, why are women subordinate to men?

A

Power structures and social conventions

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8
Q

Who was the first woman sociologist and a feminist?

A

Harriet Martineau

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9
Q

What are values in sociology?

A

Ideas about what is good and bad

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10
Q

Who is considered the first modern sociologist?

A

Emile Durkheim

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11
Q

According to Emile Durkheim, what influences human behavior?

A

Social facts

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12
Q

According to Durkheim, how does social solidarity relate to suicide rates?

A

Suicide rates decrease with higher social solidarity

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13
Q

What is the focus of the Functionalism theory?

A

How human behavior is governed by social structures based mainly on shared values

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14
Q

Who was the leading proponent of Functionalism theory?

A

Talcott Parsons

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15
Q

According to Functionalism, what maintains social stability?

A

Shared values

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16
Q

Who criticized Talcott Parsons for exaggerating the degree of shared values in society?

A

Robert Merton

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17
Q

According to Robert Merton, what are the unintended effects of social structurescalled?

A

Latent functions

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18
Q

What does Conflict Theory emphasize in understanding social life?

A

Centrality of inequality

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19
Q

Who proposed that capitalism would lead to a classless society?

A

Karl Marx

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20
Q

According to Conflict Theory, what characterizes social structures?

A

Inequalities of wealth and power

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21
Q

In the 1960s, what did Conflict Theory shift its focus to?

A

Culture (language, music, movies)

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22
Q

Who suggested that ruling classes shape ideas that favor their dominance through cultural influence?

A

Antonio Gramsci

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23
Q

According to Michel Foucault, what is the site of ongoing conflict between dominant and subordinate classes?

A

Culture

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24
Q

What did Michel Foucault argue about modern institutions?

A

They control behavior through advanced technologies and internalization of norms

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25
Q

Which movement was Michel Foucault part of?

A

Poststructuralism

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26
Q

What does Symbolic Interactionism examine in social life?

A

How various aspects convey meaning and assist communication

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27
Q

Who proposed Symbolic Interactionism?

A

George Herbert Mead

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28
Q

What are mesostructures?

A

Patterns of social relations in organizations and groups that involve people who are often not intimately acquainted

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29
Q

What are macrostructures?

A

Overarching patterns of social relations that lie above mesostructures

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30
Q

What are global structures?

A

Patterns of social relations that lie outside and above the national level

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31
Q

What is patriarchy?

A

System of power relations that help ensure male dominance in many spheres of life

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32
Q

When did the Scientific Revolution begin?

A

1550

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33
Q

When did the Democratic Revolution begin?

A

1770

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34
Q

When did the Industrial Revolution begin?

A

1780

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35
Q

What view did the Scientific Revolution promote?

A

Conclusion about the workings of the world should be based on evidence, not speculation

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36
Q

What two revolutions began the Democratic Revolution?

A

American and French Revolutions

37
Q

What did people think before the Democratic Revolution?

A

God ordained the rules of Kings & Queens

38
Q

What view did the Democratic Revolution promote?

A

Society can be run and organized by ordinary people

39
Q

What concept did the 3 Revolutions give birth to?

A

Sociological Imagination

40
Q

In what Revolution did the justification for sociology as a science arose?

A

Democratic Revolution

41
Q

What did the Industrial Revolution create?

A

Social problems that attracted the attention of social thinkers

42
Q

What are the 3 building blocks of sociology?

A
  • Theories
  • Research
  • Values
43
Q

What is a theory?

A

Speculation about the way observed facts are related

44
Q

What is research?

A

Systematic observation of facts for the purpose of showing that a theory is false

45
Q

When is a theory concluded as valid?

A

When research fails to show its false

46
Q

What are values?

A

Ideas of right vs. wrong

47
Q

Who is considered as the first modern sociologist?

A

Durkheim

48
Q

What did Durkheim propose/argue?

A

Human behaviour is influenced by social facts

49
Q

What is social solidarity?

A

Property of social groups that increases when group members share beliefs and values, and the frequency with which they interact

50
Q

What did Durkheim conclude in his study of suicide?

A

Suicide rates varied with different degrees of social solidarity

51
Q

What does egoistic suicide result from?

A

Poor integration of people into society

52
Q

When does anomic suicide occur?

A

When vague norms govern behaviour (big change happens and you don’t know how to deal with it)

53
Q

When does altruistic suicide occur?

A

When norms tightly govern behaviour (for the benefit of others)

54
Q

What is Functionalist theory?

A

Belief that social structures based mainly on shared values contribute to social stability and thus govern human behaviour

55
Q

Who was the leading proponent of Functionalism Theory?

A

Parsons

56
Q

Who criticized Parsons for exaggerating the degree to which members of society share common values?

A

Merton

57
Q

What did Merton propose alternatively to Parsons?

A

Social structures may have different consequences for different groups and some of those consequences may be dysfunctional

58
Q

What are dysfunctions?

A

Effects of social structures that create social instability

59
Q

What are manifest functions?

A

Visible and intended effects of social structures

60
Q

What are latent functions?

A

Less visible and unintended effects of social structures

61
Q

What is class conflict?

A

Struggle between classes to resist and overcome the opposition of other classes

62
Q

What are social classes?

A

Positions people occupy in a hierarchy that is shaped by the source and amount of their income

63
Q

What is Conflict theory?

A

Belief that there is tension underlying social structures and under certain conditions can burst out in the open and cause social change

64
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

Awareness of being a member of a social class

65
Q

What did Weber write?

A

The Protestant Ethic

66
Q

What was Weber’s main criticism against Marx?

A

Capitalism did not develop solely due to economic forces, politics and religion also played a part

67
Q

What happened to Conflict Theory in the 1960s?

A

It took a cultural turn, culture became how the upper classes expressed their power

68
Q

What were obvious ways ruling classes established their dominance?

A

Controlling jobs and force

69
Q

What were less obvious ways ruling classes established their dominance?

A

Influencing the development of ideas that seemed fair/neutral but actually favored them

70
Q

What is cultural hegemony?

A

When dominant class views are universally accepted as common sense

71
Q

What movement was Foucault apart of?

A

Poststructuralism

72
Q

What is poststructuralism?

A

Denies the stability of social structures and cultures and their capacity to always shape how people think and act

73
Q

What is Symbolic Interactionism?

A

Examines how various aspect of social life convey meaning and thereby impede or assist communication

74
Q

How did Mead understand human communication?

A

Involves seeing yourself from other people’s point of view

75
Q

Who was the first woman sociologist and feminist?

A

Harriet Martineau

76
Q

What are the core ideas of functionalist theory?

A
  • Social structure
  • Social function
  • Values
77
Q

What are the core ideas of conflict theory?

A
  • Social structure
  • Inequality
  • Conflict & Change
78
Q

What are the core ideas of symbolic interactionism?

A
  • Meaning
  • Interpersonal communication
  • Human agency
79
Q

What are the core ideas of feminism theory?

A
  • Patriarchy
  • Power and social convention
  • Micro and macro level
80
Q

What are the 6 steps of the research cycle?

A
  1. Formulate questions
  2. Review existing literature
  3. Select method
  4. Collect data
  5. Analyze data
  6. Report results
81
Q

What 4 things do the patients have the right to in a sociological experiment?

A
  • Safety
  • Privacy
  • Confidentiality
  • Informed consent
82
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to isolate hypothesized causes and precisely measure their effects

83
Q

What are the 4 major research methods in sociology?

A
  • Field research
  • Experiments
  • Surveys
  • Analysis of existing documents and official statistics
84
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The cause in the cause-and-effect relationship

85
Q

What is an dependent variable?

A

The effect in the cause-and-effect relationship

86
Q

What is a synonym for reliable?

A

Consistent

87
Q

What is a synonym for valid?

A

Accurate

88
Q

What are surveys?

A

Data collection method where people are asked about their knowledge, attitudes or behaviours

89
Q

What is field research?

A

Systemic observation of people in their natural setting

90
Q

What is the Postindustrial Revolution?

A

Technology-driven shift from manufacturing to service industries (from employment in factories to employment in offices)

91
Q

What is globalization?

A

Process by which formerly separated individuals, groups, etc. are becoming tied together and people are become increasingly aware of their growing interdependence

92
Q

Which revolution justified sociology as a science?

A

Democratic Revolution

93
Q

Which of the following problems confront experiments that are designed to test sociological theories?
a. low validity
b. high reliability
c. high reactivity
d. low randomization

A

c. high reactivity

94
Q

A sociologist wants to research a problem about
which little is known and concerning which theories
are poorly developed. Which of the following research
methods would be the most appropriate for her
research?
a. an experiment
b. a survey
c. participant observation
d. analysis of existing documents and official data

A

c. participant observation

95
Q

Since 1980, the pattern of suicide has changed in
Canada. Which of the following is one of the ways in
which the pattern of suicide has changed?
a. The suicide rate has declined for both young males
and young females.
b. The suicide rate has increased for young females.
c. The suicide rate has declined for young males.

A

b. The suicide rate has increased for young females.

96
Q

In Slobovia, the adult population’s trust in the main
public broadcaster, the SBC, has increased sharply
over the past four decades. What effect has increased
trust likely had on the adult population’s willingness
to accept scientific findings as valid and reliable?
a. It has likely had no effect.
b. It has likely increased the adult population’s willingness to accept scientific findings as valid and
reliable.
c. It has likely decreased the adult population’s willingness to accept scientific findings as valid and
reliable.
d. It has likely caused an increase, and then a decrease, in the adult population’s willingness to
accept scientific findings as valid and reliable.

A

b. It has likely increased the adult population’s willingness to accept scientific findings as valid and reliable.

97
Q

Interest in the systemic study of people’s behaviour and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century in response to

a. economic prosperity
b. industrialization and urbanization
c. religious influences
d. a focus on the arts and humanities

A

b. industrialization and urbanization

98
Q

The ___ perspective states that societies develop social structures that persist because they play a part in helping society survive

a. postmodernism
b. symbolic interactions
c. conflict theory
d. functionalism

A

d. functionalism

99
Q

Compared to quantitative research, qualitative research is more likely to

a. use a larger sample
b. collect and analyze the data simultaneously
c. gather data in a laboratory setting
d. lend itself to statistical analysis

A

b. collect and analyze the data simultaneously

100
Q

Which research method is most widely used in the social sciences to study people’s behaviour and beliefs?

a. survey
b. experiment
c. participant observation
d. content analysis

A

a. survey

101
Q

Which central component of nonmaterial culture is the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real?
a. Norms
b. Beliefs
c. Values
d. Morals

A

b. Beliefs

Sociology Year 1 (3 decks)

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