Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

sociology religion > Sociology-Beliefs in Society-Sociologists > Flashcards

Sociology-Beliefs in Society-Sociologists Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Religion Crash Course flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Weber 1905

A

Defines religion as belief in a superior or supernatural power that is above nature and cannot be explained scientifically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Durkheim 1915

A

Defines religion in terms of the contribution it makes to social integration, rather than any specific belief in God or the supernatural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Yinger 1970

A

Identifies functions that religion performs for individuals such as answering the ‘ultimate questions’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aldridge 2013

A

Shows how, for its followers, scientology is a religion, whereas several governments have denied it legal status as a religion and sought to ban it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Durkheim 1858-1917

A

Religious institutions play a central part in creating and maintaining value consensus, order and solidarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Durkheim 1915; 1962

A

Key feature of religion is the distinction between the sacred and the profane. Also talks about totemism, collective conscience, and cognitive functions of religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Durkheim and Mauss 1903; 2009

A

Wrote a book-primitive classification. Argue that religion provides basic categories such as time, space and causation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Worsley 1956

A

Evidence on totemism is unsound, there is no sharp division between the sacred and the profane, and also different clans share the same totems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mestrovic 2011

A

(Postmodernist) Argues that Durkheim’s ideas cannot be applied to contemporary society, because increasing diversity has fragmented the collective conscience, so there is no longer a single shared value system for religion to reinforce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Malinowski 1954

A

Agrees with Durkheim that religion promotes solidarity, however in his view, it does so by performing psychological functions for individuals, such as coping with emotional stress that would undermine social solidarity (religion performs this role where the outcome is important but uncontrollable, and at times of life crises)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parsons 1967

A

Sees religion helping individuals to cope with unforeseen events and uncontrollable outcomes, like Malinowski, but also identifies two other essential functions that religion performs in modern society (It creates and legitimates society’s central values, and it is the primary source of reason)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bellah 1991; 2013

A

Interested in how religion unifies society, especially a multi-faith society like America-civil religion integrates society in a way that America’s many different churches and denominations cannot. Also says that although in America civil religion involves a belief in God, he argues that this doesn’t have to be the case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Marx (theories of religion)

A

Religion as ideology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lenin 1870-1924

A

Describes religion as ‘spiritual gin’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Marx 1844

A

Religion as the product of alienation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Althusser 1971

A

Rejects the concept of alienation as unscientific and based on a romantic idea that human beings have a ‘true self’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Abercrombie, Hill and Turner 2015

A

Argue that in pre-capitalist society, while Christianity was a major element of ruling-class ideology, it had only limited impact on the peasantry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Armstrong 1993

A

Sees exclusion from the priesthood as evidence of women’s marginalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Holm 2001

A

Describes this as the devaluation of women in religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Woodhead 2002

A

Argues that the exclusion of women from the Catholic priesthood is evidence of the Church’s deep unease about the emancipation of women generally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Armstrong 1993

A

Argues that early religions often placed women at the centre eg female priesthoods in the middle east until about 6,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nawa El Saadawi 1980

A

Argues that religion is not the direct cause of their subordination, rather it is the result of patriarchal forms of society coming into existence in the last few thousand years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Woodhead 2009

A

Criticises feminist explanations that simply equate religion with patriarchy and the oppression of women-she emphasises that it is not true in all religions and argues that there are ‘religious forms of feminism’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gilliat-Ray 2010

A

Some young British muslim women choose to wear the hijab in order to gain parental approval to enter further education, especially employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Brusco 1995; 2012

A

Found in Columbia, belonging to a Pentecostal group can be empowering for some women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rinaldo 2010

A

Piety movements-conservative movements that support traditional teachings about women’s role, modest dress, prayer and bible study. Even within conservative religion women may sometimes find ways to further their own interests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Weber 1905

A

Study of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism-where Weber argues that the religious beliefs of Calvinism helped to bring about major social change-specifically the emergence of modern capitalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Kautsky 1927

A

Argues that Weber overestimates the role of ideas and underestimates economic factors in bringing capitalism into being-he argues that capitalism preceded rather than followed capitalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tawney 1926

A

Argues that technological change, not religious ideas, caused the birth of capitalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Marshall 1982

A

Supports Weber’s point that both material and cultural factors need to be present for capitalism to emerge-by arguing that Scotland had a large Calvinist population but was slow to develop capitalism because of a lack of investment in capital and skilled labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bruce 2003

A

Interested in the relationship between religion and social change-talks about the American civil rights movement and the new christian right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Engels 1895

A

Religion has a dual character-inhibits change by disguising inequality but also challenges the status quo/encourages social change

33
Q

Bloch 1995

A

Principle of hope

34
Q

Casanova 1994

A

Although liberation theology has lost influence, it played an important part in resisting state terror and bringing about democracy

35
Q

Maduro 1982

A

Religion can be a evolutionary force that brings about change

36
Q

Löwy 2005

A

Questions Marx’s view that religion always legitimates social inequality

37
Q

Lehmann 1996

A

Contrasts liberation theology and pentecostalism

38
Q

Worsley 1968

A

Millenarian movements expect the total and imminent transformation of this world by supernatural means. Studied cargo cults

39
Q

Gramsci 1971

A

Interested in how the ruling class maintain their control over society through the use of ideas-hegemony

40
Q

Billings 1990

A

Applies Gramsci’s ideas in a case study comparing class struggle in two communities (coalminers and textile workers)-leadership, organisation and support are ways in which religion either supported or challenged hegemony

41
Q

Crockett 1998

A

Estimates that in 1851, 40% or more of the adult population of Britain attended church on Sundays, which is a much higher figure than today

42
Q

Wilson 1996

A

Western societies had been undergoing a long term process of secularisation

43
Q

Woodhead 2014

A

Concludes ‘to put it bluntly, there are no longer enough troupers left to keep the show on the road’. A lack of clergy on the ground in local communities means the day to day influence of the churches is reduced

44
Q

Bruce 2002

A

Agrees with Wilson that all the evidence on secularisation has now been pointing in the same direction for many years and predicts that if the current trends continue, the Methodist church will fold around 2030

45
Q

Weber 1905

A

Rationalisation as explanation for secularisation. Argued that the protestant reformation begun by Martin Luther King starting the process of rationalisation which undermined the religious worldview of the middle ages -begins the disenchantment of the world

46
Q

Bruce 2011

A

Argues the growth of a technological worldview has largely replaced religious or supernatural explanations of why things happen

47
Q

Parsons 1951

A

Defines structural differentiation as a process of specialisation that occurs with the development of industrial society-disengagement and privatisation

48
Q

Bruce

A

Decline of community, industrialisation and diversity of occupations, cultures and lifestyles undermines religion

49
Q

Berger 1969

A

Another cause of secularisation is the trend towards religious diversity-the sacred canopy and plausibility structure (diversity undermines this)

50
Q

Bruce

A

Cultural defence and cultural transition

51
Q

Berger 1999

A

Changed views and now argues that diversity and choice actually stimulate interest and participation in religion

52
Q

Beckford 2003

A

Agrees with the idea that religious diversity will lead some to question or even abandon their religious beliefs, but this is not inevitable

53
Q

Wilson 1962

A

Found that 45% of Americans attended church on Sundays however he argued that churchgoing America was more an expression of the ‘American way of life’ rather than a deeply held religious belief

54
Q

Bruce 2002; 2011

A

Shares Wilsons view. Three sources of evidence-declining church attendance, secularisation from within, and a trend towards religious diversity and relativism

55
Q

Hadaway 1993

A

Found that opinion polls didn’t match actual church attendance figures from the churches own records so studied churches in Ohio and found interviews were 83% higher than actual stats

56
Q

Lynd and Lynd 1929

A

Study which found in 1924 that 94% of churchgoing young people agreed that religion is the one true religion and everyone should be converted to it, but in 1977 it was only 41% that agreed

57
Q

Davie 2013

A

In today’s late modern society shows major change in religion away from obligation and towards consumption/choice. Believing without belonging and a trend towards vicarious religion-spiritual health service

58
Q

Voas and Crockett 2005

A

Disagree with Davie about believing without belonging, and that statistics suggest this is not true-neither believing nor belonging

59
Q

Bruce 2011

A

If people won’t invest time into going to church then this reflects the declining strength of their beliefs

60
Q

Abby Day 2007

A

Found that few christians that she interviewed mentioned God or christianity -they believe in belonging

61
Q

Hervieu-Léger 2000; 2006

A

Spiritual shopping and pilgrims/converts

62
Q

Lyon 2000

A

Postmodern society has a number of features that are changing the nature of religion eg consumerism. Agrees with believing without belonging but criticises secularisation theory

63
Q

Helland 2000

A

Religion online and online religion

64
Q

Cowan 2005

A

Studied the Pagans who gained a sense of self worth from feeling that they belonged to a global network

65
Q

Hoover et al 2004

A

Shows that for most users, online religion is just a supplement to their church based activities rather than substitute for them

66
Q

Ammermans 1987

A

American Christian fundamentalists made use of a number of churches without giving strong loyalty to any of them

67
Q

Heelas and Woodhead 2005

A

Kendall project

68
Q

Glendinning and Bruce 2006

A

A weakness of the new age is weak commitment. Also most people in every demographic category show no interest in alternative spirituality

69
Q

Stark and Bainbridge 1986

A

Religious market theory (also known as rational choice theory). Two assumptions are that people are naturally religious/religion meets human needs, and it is human nature to seek reward/avoid costs (compensators, America vs Europe, supply led religion)

70
Q

Hadden and Shupe 1988

A

Growth of televangelism shows religious participation is supply-led

71
Q

Finke 1997

A

The lifting of restrictions on Asian immigration into America in the 1960s allowed Asian religions to set up permanently in the USA which became another option popular to consumers in the religious marketplace

72
Q

Miller 1997

A

Compares megachurches them with hypermarkets

73
Q

Stark 1990

A

Japan is another society where a free market in religion has stimulated participation

74
Q

Bruce 2011

A

Rejects the view that diversity and competition increase the demand for religion and that Stark and Bainbridge misrepresent secularisation theory

75
Q

Norris and Inglehart 2011

A

Shows that high levels of religious participation exist in Catholic countries where there is a near monopoly eg Ireland. Also Holland/Australia had religious pluralism but had low levels of religious participation

76
Q

Beckford

A

Criticises religious market theory as unsociological as it assumes people are naturally religious-it fails to explain why people make the choices that they do

77
Q

Norris and Inglehart 2011

A

Alternative view to religious market theory. Existential security theory

78
Q

Gill and Lundegaarde 2004

A

Support existential security theory by looking at state welfare and religiosity eg UK and USA

79
Q

Vásquez 2007

A

Two criticisms of existential security theory-only use quantitive date about income levels and only see religion as a negative response to deprivation

sociology religion (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions