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Sociology and society Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

individual efforts matter a great deal but do not necessarily define outcomes. t or f

A

true

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2
Q

the job market is defined by the ____

A

needs of the economy

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3
Q

how well an individual student must study depends on a whole set of _____

A

societal factors

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4
Q

the needs of the economy are again determined by the ____ and _____ policies pursued by the government

A

economic, political

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5
Q

sociology studies human society as an ___

A

interconnected whole

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6
Q

one of the tasks of sociology is to unravel the connection between a _____ and a ____

A

personal problem, public issue

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7
Q

the social esteem that a particular kind of job has or does not have for an individual depends on the ___ of his/her ‘relevant society’

A

culture

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8
Q

what do we mean by relevant society?

A

the societies the individual belongs to

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9
Q

an individual in modern times belongs to ____ society

A

more than one

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10
Q

societies are equal. t or f

A

false. unequal

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11
Q

definition of sociology

A

a systematic study of society, distinct from philosophical and religious reflections, as well as our everyday common sense observation about society

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12
Q

understanding the ___ of a discipline helps understand the discipline

A

history

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13
Q

the individual and society are ___ linked

A

dialectically (ability to view issues from multiple perspectives)

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14
Q

___put forward sociological imagination

A

C Wright Mills

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15
Q

sociological imagination is the unravelling of how the ___ and ___are related

A

personal and public

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16
Q

the sociological imagination helps us to grasp ___ and ___ and the relations between the two within the society

A

history and biography

-i.e, it’s task and it’s promise

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17
Q

the most fruitful distinction with which the sociological imagination works is between the ____ and _____

A

personal troubles of the milieu(a person’s social environment)

public issues of social structure

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18
Q

the facts of ___ history are also facts about the success and the failure of individual men and women

A

contemporary

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19
Q

when a society is ____ a peasant becomes a worker: a feudal lord is liquidated or becomes a businessman

A

industrialised

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20
Q

neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding ___

A

both

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21
Q

___is a major scheme by the government’s MORD and HUDCO to construct houses free of cost for the poor and the homeless

A

Indira Awas Yojana (1999-2000)

MORD-Ministry of rural development
HUDCO-housing and urban development corporation

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22
Q

in the ______ world we belong in a sense to more than one society

A

contemporary

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23
Q

when amidst foreigners reference to ‘our society’ may mean ____

A

Indian society

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24
Q

when amongst fellow Indians reference to our society may mean __

A

a linguistic or ethnic community, a religious or caste or tribal society

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25
Q

____makes deciding which society we are talking about difficult

A

diversity

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26
Q

the question of what to focus in society is indeed ___ to society

A

central

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27
Q

_____ is central to differences among societies

A

inequality

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28
Q

a quote from _____ illustrates how inequality is central to differences among societies

A

Amartya Sen

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29
Q

The Economic survey of the government of India states that access to sanitation facilities is just ___percent

A

31

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30
Q

sociology is the study of ___social life, groups and societies

A

human

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31
Q

sociology’s subject matter is our own ___ as social beings

A

behaviour

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32
Q

everyday notions are also known as _

A

common sense

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33
Q

the observations and ideas that sociology as a discipline makes about ‘society’ is different from both that of __ and___

A

philosophical reflections and common sense

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34
Q

observations of philosophical and religious thinkers are often about what is ___ and __in human behaviour, about the desirable way of living and about a good society

A

moral , immoral

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35
Q

sociology too concerns itself with __ and ___

A

norms and values

-but it’s concern is not norms and values as they ought to be but the way they function in actual societies

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36
Q

when a sociologist studies a society, the sociologist is willing to observe and collect findings, even if they are not to his/her personal liking. t or f

A

true . unbiased sociologist is a must

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37
Q

who compares the sociologist to a spy?

A

Peter Berger

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38
Q

the sociologist has no social responsibility to ask about the goals of his/her study or the work to which the sociological findings will be applied. t or f

A

false. they can ask just not be biased

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39
Q

sociology from its beginning understood itself as a ___

A

science

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40
Q

unlike commonsensical observations or philosophical reflections or theological commentaries sociology si bound by _____canons of procedure

A

scientific

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41
Q

sociology in its observation and analysis has to follow certain ___ that can be checked upon by others

A

rules

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42
Q

common sense knowledge leads to___

A

sociological knowledge

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43
Q

common sense knowledge is based on___

A

general understanding

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44
Q

common sense explanations are generally based on what may be called ____ or_____ explanation

A

naturalistic or individualistic

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45
Q

a naturalistic explanation for behaviour rests on the assumption that one can really identify ___for behaviour

A

natural reasons

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46
Q

great advances in sociological knowledge have been made, generally incrementally and only rarely by a __

A

dramatic breakthrough

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47
Q

sociology has a body of concepts, methods and data no matter how loosely connected. t or f

A

true

-this cannot be substituted by common sense

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48
Q

common sense is ___ since it does not question it’s own origins

A

unreflective

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49
Q

influences by ____ and _____ made by early travelers, colonial administrators, sociologists and social anthropologists sought to categorise society into types and to distinguish stages in social development

A

natural evolution scientific theories
pre-modern societal findings

-these features reappear in the 19th century in works of early sociologists, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx and Herbert Spencer

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50
Q

hunters and gatherers, pastoral and agrarian, non-industrial civilisations are which type of society?

A

pre-modern

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51
Q

industrialised societies are which type of society?

A

modern

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52
Q

evolutionary visions assumed that the __was necessarily the most advanced and civilised

A

west

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53
Q

non-western societies were often seen as ___ and _

A

barbaric and less-developed

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54
Q

___ideas about organic and evolution were a dominant influence on early sociological thought

A

darwin’s

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55
Q

society was often compared with ___and efforts were made to trace its growth through stages comparable to those of ____life

A

living organisms

organic

56
Q

___is an European intellectual movement

A

The Enlightenment (late 17th and 18th centuries)

57
Q

The Enlightenment movement empasised __ and __

A

reason and individualism

58
Q

thinkers of the early modern era were convinced that progress in ____ promised the solution to all social ills

A

knowledge

59
Q

who is the founder of sociology?

A

Auguste Comte (french scholar, 1789-1857)

60
Q

___believed that sociology would contribute to the welfare of humanity

A

Auguste Comte

61
Q

the Industrial revolution was based on a new dynamic form of economic activity ____

A

capitalism

62
Q

___became the driving force behind the growth of industrial manufacturing

A

capitalism
-involved new attitudes and institutions, thus entrepreneurs started engaging in the sustained, systematic pursuit of profit

63
Q

in the industrial period the ___acted as a key instrument of productive life

A

markets

-goods and services and labour became commodities whose use was determined by rational calculation

64
Q

___was the centre of the Industrial Revolution

A

England

65
Q

pre-industrial England

A
  • agriculture and textiles were chief occupation of British
  • most people lived in villages
  • specialisation of work
  • society was small, hierarchical, characterised by close interaction
  • status and class positions of different people were clearly defined
66
Q

after industrialisation

A
  • degradation of labour
  • expansion of urban centres
  • soot and grime of factories
  • overcrowded slums of the new industrial working class
  • bad sanitation and general squalor
  • new kinds of social interaction
  • clock-time
67
Q

both the ___ and ___ thinkers were appalled at the decline of the status of the common labourer, not to mention the skilled craftsmen

A

radical , conservative

68
Q

there were no cities before industrialisation, t or f

A

false, there were but their character prior to industrialisation was different . Industrialisation gave birth to a completely new kind of urban world

69
Q

impact of industrailisation in India

A

-urban centres grew but with entry of british more people moved into agriculture

70
Q

the ruined mass of the handicraftsmen in India, took to ___ for subsistence

A

Agriculture

71
Q

The ___ and ___ were often seen as a deliberate attempt to destroy the peasant, the artisan as well as family and local community

A

factory and it’s mechanical division of labour

72
Q

the ___ was perceived as an archetype of an economic regimentation hitherto known only in barracks and prison

A

factory

73
Q

the factory was oppressive yet potentially liberating to whom?

A

Karl Marx

74
Q

another indicator of the emergence of modern societies was the new significance of clock-time as a basis of ___

A

Social organisation
-a crucial aspect of this was the way in which in the 18th and 19th centuries the tempo of agricultural and manufacturing labour increasingly came to be set by the clock and calendar in a very different from pre-modern forms of work

75
Q

prior to development of industrial capitalism, work-rhythms were set by factors such as the period of ___, the ____between tasks and the ____of deadlines or other social duties

A

daylight, breaks, constraints

76
Q

factory production implied the ____ of labour

A

synchronisation

77
Q

the clock injected a new __ to work

A

urgency

78
Q

for both ___ and __‘time is now money: it is not passed but spent’

A

employer , employee

79
Q

why should we study the beginning of sociology in Europe?

A

most of the issues and concerns of sociology date back to a time when European society was undergoing significant changes in the 18th and 19th centuries with the coming of capitalism and industrialisation

80
Q

why focus on Europe for Indian society?

A

for our past, as Indians are closely linked to the history of British capitalism and colonialism

81
Q

____in the west entailed a world-wide expansion

A

Capitalism

82
Q

_____travelogue brings home the presence of this colonial and global past

A

R.K. Laxman

83
Q

between 17th and 19th centuries an estimated ___Africans were enslaved

A

24million

84
Q

_____is a graphic example of how people were caught up in the development of modernity against their will

A

Enslavement

85
Q

Colonialism was an essential part of __ and ___

A

modern capitalism and industrialisation

86
Q

_____implied that the impact of industrialisation in India was not the necessarily the same as in the west

A

Colonialism

87
Q

western scholars saw in 19th century in India what they saw in ___

A

past European society

88
Q

the study of human groups and societies, giving particular emphasis to the analysis of the industrialised world is the definition of ___

A

sociology

89
Q

the study of simple societies of non-western and therefore “other” cultures is ___

A

social anthropology

90
Q

no rigid divide exists between sociology and social anthropology in India. t or f

A

true

91
Q

the scope of sociological study is ____

A

extremely wide

92
Q

what defines the discipline of sociology is not just what it studies but ___ a chosen field

A

how it studies

93
Q

____is one of a group of social sciences

A

sociology

94
Q

the divisions among the various social sciences are clear-cut. t or f

A

false. they are not clear-cut

- the distinctions of the disciplines are to some extent arbitrary and should not be seen in a straitjacket fashion

95
Q

_______theories have shown the greater need of interdisciplinary approach

A

feminist

96
Q

____ is the study of production and distribution of goods and services

A

Economics

97
Q

the ___economic approach dealt almost exclusively with the inter-relations of pure economic variables

A

classical

98
Q

The focus of __economics has been on a narrow understanding of ‘economic activity’ namely the allocation of scarce goods and services within a society

A

traditional

99
Q

economists who are influenced by a ____approach seek to understand economic activity in a broader framework of ownership and relation to means of production

A

political economic

100
Q

the objective of the dominant trend in economics analysis was to ___ __ __of economic behaviour

A

formulate precise laws

101
Q

the large investment in the advertisement industry is directly linked to the need to ____lifestyles and ___patterns

A

reshape , consumption

102
Q

____often envy economists for the precision of their terminology and the exactness of their measures

A

sociologists

103
Q

economists __abilities often suffer precisely because of their neglect of individual behaviour, cultural norms and institutional resistance which sociologists study

A

predictive

104
Q

sociology unlike ____ usually does not provide technical solutions

A

economics

105
Q

____provides clearer or more adequate understanding of a social situation than existed before

A

sociology

106
Q

conventional political science was focused primarily on 2 elements: ___ and ___

A 
political theory(ideas abt govt) and government administration (formal structure of govt)
-neither branch involves extensive contact with political behaviour
107
Q

sociologists like ___ worked in what can be termed as political sociology

A

Max Weber

108
Q

historians study ___

A

the past

109
Q

sociologists are more interested in ___ or ___past

A

contemporary or recent

110
Q

historians earlier describe the ___as it is and sociology seeks to establish ___relationships

A

actual events, casual

111
Q

history studies ___details while the sociologist is more likely to abstract from __ reality, categorise and generalise

A

conceretex2

112
Q

historians today are equally involved in sociological methods and concepts in their analysis. t or f

A

True

113
Q

___history has been about the history of kings and war

A

conventional

114
Q

___have been less studied in history but formed core area of sociology

A

changes in land relations, gender relations within family

115
Q

today, history is far more ___ and social history is the stuff of ___

A

sociological, history

116
Q

___is often defined as the science of behaviour

A

psychology

117
Q

____involves itself primarily with the individual

A

psychology

118
Q

____is interested in his/her intelligence and learning, motivations and memory, nervous system and reaction time, hopes and fears

A

psychology

119
Q

_____serves as a bridge between psychology and sociology

A

social psychology

-maintains primary interest in individual but concerns itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social groups, collectively with other individuals

120
Q

_____attempts to understand behaviour as it is organised in society

A

sociology

121
Q

____sought to establish a clear scope and method for sociology in his well-known study of suicide left out individual intentions of those who commit or try to commit suicide in favour of statistics concerning various social characteristics of these individuals

A

Durkheim

122
Q

___the study of all aspects of life in ‘simple societies’

A

social anthropology

123
Q

____is deemed to be the study of modern, complex societies while _____was deemed to be the study of simple societies

A

sociology, social anthropology

124
Q

the anthropologists of the past documented the details of simple societies apparently in a _____fashion

A

neutral scientific

125
Q

______tended to study society in all their aspects, as wholes

A

social anthropology

126
Q

sociologists have often relied on ___method and ___data using statistics and the questionnaire

A

survey, quantitative

127
Q

___sociologists often studied in indian societies that were both part of and not of one’s culture

A

Indian

128
Q

____is a system of economic enterprise based on market exchange

A

capitalism

129
Q

__refers to any asset, including money, property and machines, which can be used to produce commodities for sale or invested in a market with the hope of achieving a profit

A

capital

130
Q

capitalism rests on the __ownership of assets and the ____

A

private, means of production

131
Q

the existence or action of opposing social forces, for instance social constraint and individual will

A

dialectic

132
Q

__is a factual enquiry carried out in any given area of sociological study

A

Empirical investigation

133
Q

__is the study of large scale groups, organisations or social systems

A

macrosociology

134
Q

__study of human behaviour in contexts of face to face interaction

A

microsociology

135
Q

___is a term referring to the fact that the groups and societies of which we are a part exert a conditioning influence on our behvaiour.

A

social constraint

136
Q

__Are ideas held by human individual or groups about what is desirable, proper, good or bad.

A

Values

Sociology (3 decks)

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