Sociology and society Flashcards
1
Q
individual efforts matter a great deal but do not necessarily define outcomes. t or f
A
true
2
Q
the job market is defined by the ____
A
needs of the economy
3
Q
how well an individual student must study depends on a whole set of _____
A
societal factors
4
Q
the needs of the economy are again determined by the ____ and _____ policies pursued by the government
A
economic, political
5
Q
sociology studies human society as an ___
A
interconnected whole
6
Q
one of the tasks of sociology is to unravel the connection between a _____ and a ____
A
personal problem, public issue
7
Q
the social esteem that a particular kind of job has or does not have for an individual depends on the ___ of his/her ‘relevant society’
A
culture
8
Q
what do we mean by relevant society?
A
the societies the individual belongs to
9
Q
an individual in modern times belongs to ____ society
A
more than one
10
Q
societies are equal. t or f
A
false. unequal
11
Q
definition of sociology
A
a systematic study of society, distinct from philosophical and religious reflections, as well as our everyday common sense observation about society
12
Q
understanding the ___ of a discipline helps understand the discipline
A
history
13
Q
the individual and society are ___ linked
A
dialectically (ability to view issues from multiple perspectives)
14
Q
___put forward sociological imagination
A
C Wright Mills
15
Q
sociological imagination is the unravelling of how the ___ and ___are related
A
personal and public
16
Q
the sociological imagination helps us to grasp ___ and ___ and the relations between the two within the society
A
history and biography
-i.e, it’s task and it’s promise
17
Q
the most fruitful distinction with which the sociological imagination works is between the ____ and _____
A
personal troubles of the milieu(a person’s social environment)
public issues of social structure
18
Q
the facts of ___ history are also facts about the success and the failure of individual men and women
A
contemporary
19
Q
when a society is ____ a peasant becomes a worker: a feudal lord is liquidated or becomes a businessman
A
industrialised
20
Q
neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding ___
A
both
21
Q
___is a major scheme by the government’s MORD and HUDCO to construct houses free of cost for the poor and the homeless
A
Indira Awas Yojana (1999-2000)
MORD-Ministry of rural development
HUDCO-housing and urban development corporation
22
Q
in the ______ world we belong in a sense to more than one society
A
contemporary
23
Q
when amidst foreigners reference to ‘our society’ may mean ____
A
Indian society
24
Q
when amongst fellow Indians reference to our society may mean __
A
a linguistic or ethnic community, a religious or caste or tribal society
25
____makes deciding which society we are talking about difficult
diversity
26
the question of what to focus in society is indeed ___ to society
central
27
_____ is central to differences among societies
inequality
28
a quote from _____ illustrates how inequality is central to differences among societies
Amartya Sen
29
The Economic survey of the government of India states that access to sanitation facilities is just ___percent
31
30
sociology is the study of ___social life, groups and societies
human
31
sociology's subject matter is our own ___ as social beings
behaviour
32
everyday notions are also known as _
common sense
33
the observations and ideas that sociology as a discipline makes about 'society' is different from both that of __ and___
philosophical reflections and common sense
34
observations of philosophical and religious thinkers are often about what is ___ and __in human behaviour, about the desirable way of living and about a good society
moral , immoral
35
sociology too concerns itself with __ and ___
norms and values
| -but it's concern is not norms and values as they ought to be but the way they function in actual societies
36
when a sociologist studies a society, the sociologist is willing to observe and collect findings, even if they are not to his/her personal liking. t or f
true . unbiased sociologist is a must
37
who compares the sociologist to a spy?
Peter Berger
38
the sociologist has no social responsibility to ask about the goals of his/her study or the work to which the sociological findings will be applied. t or f
false. they can ask just not be biased
39
sociology from its beginning understood itself as a ___
science
40
unlike commonsensical observations or philosophical reflections or theological commentaries sociology si bound by _____canons of procedure
scientific
41
sociology in its observation and analysis has to follow certain ___ that can be checked upon by others
rules
42
common sense knowledge leads to___
sociological knowledge
43
common sense knowledge is based on___
general understanding
44
common sense explanations are generally based on what may be called ____ or_____ explanation
naturalistic or individualistic
45
a naturalistic explanation for behaviour rests on the assumption that one can really identify ___for behaviour
natural reasons
46
great advances in sociological knowledge have been made, generally incrementally and only rarely by a __
dramatic breakthrough
47
sociology has a body of concepts, methods and data no matter how loosely connected. t or f
true
| -this cannot be substituted by common sense
48
common sense is ___ since it does not question it's own origins
unreflective
49
influences by ____ and _____ made by early travelers, colonial administrators, sociologists and social anthropologists sought to categorise society into types and to distinguish stages in social development
natural evolution scientific theories
pre-modern societal findings
-these features reappear in the 19th century in works of early sociologists, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx and Herbert Spencer
50
hunters and gatherers, pastoral and agrarian, non-industrial civilisations are which type of society?
pre-modern
51
industrialised societies are which type of society?
modern
52
evolutionary visions assumed that the __was necessarily the most advanced and civilised
west
53
non-western societies were often seen as ___ and _
barbaric and less-developed
54
___ideas about organic and evolution were a dominant influence on early sociological thought
darwin's
55
society was often compared with ___and efforts were made to trace its growth through stages comparable to those of ____life
living organisms
| organic
56
___is an European intellectual movement
The Enlightenment (late 17th and 18th centuries)
57
The Enlightenment movement empasised __ and __
reason and individualism
58
thinkers of the early modern era were convinced that progress in ____ promised the solution to all social ills
knowledge
59
who is the founder of sociology?
Auguste Comte (french scholar, 1789-1857)
60
___believed that sociology would contribute to the welfare of humanity
Auguste Comte
61
the Industrial revolution was based on a new dynamic form of economic activity ____
capitalism
62
___became the driving force behind the growth of industrial manufacturing
capitalism
-involved new attitudes and institutions, thus entrepreneurs started engaging in the sustained, systematic pursuit of profit
63
in the industrial period the ___acted as a key instrument of productive life
markets
| -goods and services and labour became commodities whose use was determined by rational calculation
64
___was the centre of the Industrial Revolution
England
65
pre-industrial England
- agriculture and textiles were chief occupation of British
- most people lived in villages
- specialisation of work
- society was small, hierarchical, characterised by close interaction
- status and class positions of different people were clearly defined
66
after industrialisation
- degradation of labour
- expansion of urban centres
- soot and grime of factories
- overcrowded slums of the new industrial working class
- bad sanitation and general squalor
- new kinds of social interaction
- clock-time
67
both the ___ and ___ thinkers were appalled at the decline of the status of the common labourer, not to mention the skilled craftsmen
radical , conservative
68
there were no cities before industrialisation, t or f
false, there were but their character prior to industrialisation was different . Industrialisation gave birth to a completely new kind of urban world
69
impact of industrailisation in India
-urban centres grew but with entry of british more people moved into agriculture
70
the ruined mass of the handicraftsmen in India, took to ___ for subsistence
Agriculture
71
The ___ and ___ were often seen as a deliberate attempt to destroy the peasant, the artisan as well as family and local community
factory and it's mechanical division of labour
72
the ___ was perceived as an archetype of an economic regimentation hitherto known only in barracks and prison
factory
73
the factory was oppressive yet potentially liberating to whom?
Karl Marx
74
another indicator of the emergence of modern societies was the new significance of clock-time as a basis of ___
Social organisation
-a crucial aspect of this was the way in which in the 18th and 19th centuries the tempo of agricultural and manufacturing labour increasingly came to be set by the clock and calendar in a very different from pre-modern forms of work
75
prior to development of industrial capitalism, work-rhythms were set by factors such as the period of ___, the ____between tasks and the ____of deadlines or other social duties
daylight, breaks, constraints
76
factory production implied the ____ of labour
synchronisation
77
the clock injected a new __ to work
urgency
78
for both ___ and __'time is now money: it is not passed but spent'
employer , employee
79
why should we study the beginning of sociology in Europe?
most of the issues and concerns of sociology date back to a time when European society was undergoing significant changes in the 18th and 19th centuries with the coming of capitalism and industrialisation
80
why focus on Europe for Indian society?
for our past, as Indians are closely linked to the history of British capitalism and colonialism
81
____in the west entailed a world-wide expansion
Capitalism
82
_____travelogue brings home the presence of this colonial and global past
R.K. Laxman
83
between 17th and 19th centuries an estimated ___Africans were enslaved
24million
84
_____is a graphic example of how people were caught up in the development of modernity against their will
Enslavement
85
Colonialism was an essential part of __ and ___
modern capitalism and industrialisation
86
_____implied that the impact of industrialisation in India was not the necessarily the same as in the west
Colonialism
87
western scholars saw in 19th century in India what they saw in ___
past European society
88
the study of human groups and societies, giving particular emphasis to the analysis of the industrialised world is the definition of ___
sociology
89
the study of simple societies of non-western and therefore "other" cultures is ___
social anthropology
90
no rigid divide exists between sociology and social anthropology in India. t or f
true
91
the scope of sociological study is ____
extremely wide
92
what defines the discipline of sociology is not just what it studies but ___ a chosen field
how it studies
93
____is one of a group of social sciences
sociology
94
the divisions among the various social sciences are clear-cut. t or f
false. they are not clear-cut
| - the distinctions of the disciplines are to some extent arbitrary and should not be seen in a straitjacket fashion
95
_______theories have shown the greater need of interdisciplinary approach
feminist
96
____ is the study of production and distribution of goods and services
Economics
97
the ___economic approach dealt almost exclusively with the inter-relations of pure economic variables
classical
98
The focus of __economics has been on a narrow understanding of 'economic activity' namely the allocation of scarce goods and services within a society
traditional
99
economists who are influenced by a ____approach seek to understand economic activity in a broader framework of ownership and relation to means of production
political economic
100
the objective of the dominant trend in economics analysis was to ___ __ __of economic behaviour
formulate precise laws
101
the large investment in the advertisement industry is directly linked to the need to ____lifestyles and ___patterns
reshape , consumption
102
____often envy economists for the precision of their terminology and the exactness of their measures
sociologists
103
economists __abilities often suffer precisely because of their neglect of individual behaviour, cultural norms and institutional resistance which sociologists study
predictive
104
sociology unlike ____ usually does not provide technical solutions
economics
105
____provides clearer or more adequate understanding of a social situation than existed before
sociology
106
conventional political science was focused primarily on 2 elements: ___ and ___
```
political theory(ideas abt govt) and government administration (formal structure of govt)
-neither branch involves extensive contact with political behaviour
```
107
sociologists like ___ worked in what can be termed as political sociology
Max Weber
108
historians study ___
the past
109
sociologists are more interested in ___ or ___past
contemporary or recent
110
historians earlier describe the ___as it is and sociology seeks to establish ___relationships
actual events, casual
111
history studies ___details while the sociologist is more likely to abstract from __ reality, categorise and generalise
conceretex2
112
historians today are equally involved in sociological methods and concepts in their analysis. t or f
True
113
___history has been about the history of kings and war
conventional
114
___have been less studied in history but formed core area of sociology
changes in land relations, gender relations within family
115
today, history is far more ___ and social history is the stuff of ___
sociological, history
116
___is often defined as the science of behaviour
psychology
117
____involves itself primarily with the individual
psychology
118
____is interested in his/her intelligence and learning, motivations and memory, nervous system and reaction time, hopes and fears
psychology
119
_____serves as a bridge between psychology and sociology
social psychology
-maintains primary interest in individual but concerns itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social groups, collectively with other individuals
120
_____attempts to understand behaviour as it is organised in society
sociology
121
____sought to establish a clear scope and method for sociology in his well-known study of suicide left out individual intentions of those who commit or try to commit suicide in favour of statistics concerning various social characteristics of these individuals
Durkheim
122
___the study of all aspects of life in 'simple societies'
social anthropology
123
____is deemed to be the study of modern, complex societies while _____was deemed to be the study of simple societies
sociology, social anthropology
124
the anthropologists of the past documented the details of simple societies apparently in a _____fashion
neutral scientific
125
______tended to study society in all their aspects, as wholes
social anthropology
126
sociologists have often relied on ___method and ___data using statistics and the questionnaire
survey, quantitative
127
___sociologists often studied in indian societies that were both part of and not of one's culture
Indian
128
____is a system of economic enterprise based on market exchange
capitalism
129
__refers to any asset, including money, property and machines, which can be used to produce commodities for sale or invested in a market with the hope of achieving a profit
capital
130
capitalism rests on the __ownership of assets and the ____
private, means of production
131
the existence or action of opposing social forces, for instance social constraint and individual will
dialectic
132
__is a factual enquiry carried out in any given area of sociological study
Empirical investigation
133
__is the study of large scale groups, organisations or social systems
macrosociology
134
__study of human behaviour in contexts of face to face interaction
microsociology
135
___is a term referring to the fact that the groups and societies of which we are a part exert a conditioning influence on our behvaiour.
social constraint
136
__Are ideas held by human individual or groups about what is desirable, proper, good or bad.
Values
