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Sociology > Culture and socialisation > Flashcards

Culture and socialisation Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

culture like ___is a term used frequently and sometimes vaguely

A

society

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2
Q

____is confined to the arts, or alludes to the way of life of certain classes or even countries

A

culture

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3
Q

_____and ____study the social contexts within which culture exists

A

sociology and social anthropology

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4
Q

you need ___ to conduct or behave yourself in society

A

culture

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5
Q

_____is the common understanding which is learnt and developed through social interactions with others in society

A

culture

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6
Q

cultures are never finished products. t or f

A

true -culture is a dynamic functioning unit

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7
Q

creating meaning is ___virtue as we learn it in the company of others in families, groups, communities.

A

social

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8
Q

____is primary socialisation and ______is secondary socialisation

A

family, school and other institutions

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9
Q

having access to modern science and technology does not make modern cultures superior to tribal/primitive cultures. t or f

A

true

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10
Q

cultures can/cannot be ranked?

A

cannot. but can be judged adequate or inadequate in terms of their ability to cope with the strains imposed by nature

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11
Q

the sociologist looks at culture not as something that distinguishes individuals but as a ____

A

way of life in which all members of society participate

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12
Q

who said “culture or civilisation taken in it’s wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and ay other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”

A

Edward Tylor(british scholar)

  • all non-material stuff
  • museum curator
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13
Q

“culture comprises inherited artifacts, goods, technical process, ideas, habits and values’’

A

Bronislaw Malinowski

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14
Q

______suggested that we look at human actions in the same way as we look at words in a book and see them as conveying a message

A

Clifford Geertz

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15
Q

____said ‘man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun. I take culture to be those webs.

A

Clifford Geertz

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16
Q

__had placed a comparable emphasis on culture as a means of adding meaning to objective reality, using the example of people regarding water from a particular source as holy

A

Leslie White

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17
Q

what led to the establishment of ‘field work’?

A

Malinowski happened to be stranded on an island in the Western Pacific during WW1 and thereby discovered the value of remaining for an extended period with the society one was studying

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18
Q

the multiple definitions of culture in athropological studies led ___ and __from the US to to publish a comprehensive survey entitled Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Defintions in 1952

A

Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn

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19
Q

____Refers to how we learn to process what we hear or see so as to give it meaning

A

cognitive culture

-eg: identifying ring of a cell phone as ours, recognisisng cartoon of a politician

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20
Q

___refers to rules of conduct (not opening other people’s letters, performing rituals at death)

A

Normative

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21
Q

______includes any activity made possible by means of materials(also include tools or machines)

A

material culture

-eg: internet chatting, using rice flour to make kolam

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22
Q

understanding of material culture is incomplete without knowledge acquired from ____ and ____areas

A

cognitive and normative

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23
Q

the cognitive aspects of one’s culture are harder to recognise than the ___aspects and it’s ___aspects

A

material(tangible/visible/audible) normative

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24
Q

_____refers to understanding how we make sense of all the information coming to us from our environment

A

Cognition

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25
Q

in ______societies ideas are transcribed in books and documents and preserved in libraries or archives

A

literate

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26
Q

in ___societies legend or lore is committed to memory and transmitted orally

A

non-literate

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27
Q

there are _____practitioners of oral tradition who are trained to remember and narrate during ritual or festive occassions

A

specialist

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28
Q

who wrote ‘prally and literacy’?

A

walter ong

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29
Q

material that is not written down has certain specific chracteristics

A
  • lot of repetition of words

- more receptive and involved audience

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30
Q

_____consists of folkways, mores,customs, conventios and laws

A

normative dimension

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31
Q

we most often follow social norms because we are used to doing it, as a result of___

A

socialisation

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32
Q

all social norms are accompanied by ___that promote conformity

A

sanctions

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33
Q

while ___ are implicit rules ___are explicit rules

A

norms, laws

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34
Q

___remided us that when we try to understand another culture’s norms, we must remember that there are certain implicit understandings

A

pierre bourdieu

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35
Q

a ___is a formal sanction defined by government as a rule or principle that it’s citizens must follow.

A

law

36
Q

laws are ___

A

explicit

37
Q

laws are applicable to__

A

whole society

38
Q

a violation of a law attracts ___ and __

A

penalties and punishment

39
Q

if in your home children are not allowed to stay outside after 9pm that is a __

A

norm

40
Q

if you are caught stealing a necklace you have broken the__

A

law

41
Q

laws derive from the ___ of the state

A

authority

42
Q

_____are the most formal definitions of acceptable behaviour

A

laws

43
Q

unlike laws, ___can vary according to ___

A

norms, status

44
Q

dominant sections of society apply ___norms

A

dominant

45
Q

2 principal dimensions of culture are__ and ___

A

material and non-material (cognitive and normative)

46
Q

____is crucial to enhance quality of life and increase production

A

material dimension

47
Q

for integrated functioning of a culture the __ and ____dimensions must work together

A

material , non-material

48
Q

when material/technological aspects change rapidly, non-material aspects can lag behind in terms of_____ and ____

A

values and norms

-this gives rise to culture lag when non-material dimensions are unable to match the advances of technology

49
Q

___are not inherited but fashioned both by the individual and the group through their relationship with others

A

identities

50
Q

for the individual the ___ he/she plays imparts identity

A

social roles

51
Q

every person in modern society plays ___roles

A

multiple

52
Q

not sufficient to enact roles. they also have to be ___ and ____

A

recognised , acknowledged

53
Q

in a culture there can be many ____ like that of the elite and the working class youth

A

sub-cultures

54
Q

____are marked by style, taste and association

A

sub-cultures
-within such groups there can be leaders and followers but group members are bound by the purpose of the group and work together to achieve their objectives

55
Q

sub-cultural groups can also function as __units which impart an identity to all group members

A

cohesive

56
Q

____is the application of one’s own cultural values in evaluating the behaviour and beliefs of people from other cultures

A

ethnocentrism

-a sense of cultural superiority

57
Q

_values other cultures for their differences

A

cosmopolitanism

58
Q

_____Celebrates and accommodates different cultural propensities within it’s fold and promotes cultural exchange and borrowings to enrich one’s own culture

A

cosmopolitanism

59
Q

the ___language has emerged as a leading vehicle of international communication through it’s constant inclusion of foreign words into it’s vocabulary

A

English

60
Q

English despite its foreign inclusions does not become a separate language t or f

A

true

61
Q

____is the way in which societies change their patterns of culture

A

cultural change

62
Q

the impetus for change can be __ or __

A

internal(eg: new methods of farming) or external(colonisation)

63
Q

______can occur through changes in the natural environment, contact with other cultures or processes of adaptation

A

cultural change

64
Q

when a culture is transformed rapidly and its values and meaning systems undergo a radical change then _____change takes place

A

revolutionary

65
Q

______change can be initiated through political intervention, technological innovation or ecological transformation

A

revolutionary

66
Q

when a different understanding come to prevail__occurs

A

cultural change

67
Q

socialisation is a life-long process eventhough the most critical process happens in ___

A

the early years (stage of primary socialisation)

68
Q

secondary socialisation extends over the ___of a person

A

entire life

69
Q

the child is socialised by several agencies and institutions in which he/she participates this is known as___

A

agencies of socialisation

70
Q

in most ____socities the family into which a person is born largely determines the individual’s social position for the rest of his/her life

A

traditional

71
Q

in some cultures, particularly small traditional societies peer groups are formalised as___

A

age-grades

72
Q

the word ‘peer’ means ___

A

equal

73
Q

______relationships often remain important throughout a person’s life

A

peer

74
Q

_____has increasingly become a part of our everyday life

A

mass media

75
Q

the media can make the access to information more ____

A

democratic

76
Q

______communication is something that can reach a village by road and where no literacy centres have been set up

A

electronic

77
Q

socialisation in normal circumstances can never completely reduce people to ____

A

conformity

78
Q

___is also at the origin of our very individuality and freedom

A

socialisation

79
Q

______is the theory of culture, which argues that just like natural species, culture also evolves through variation and natural selection

A

cultural evolutionism

80
Q

______Was a system in feudal europe of ranking according to occupation.

A

estate system (nobility, clergy, the 3rd estate)

81
Q

_______comprises of the cultural traits which are written and widely accepted by the elites of a society who are educated and learned

A

great tradition

82
Q

________comprises of the cultural traits or traditions which are oral and operates at the village level

A

little tradition

83
Q

_______is an image of a person as reflected in the eyes of others

A

self image

84
Q

_______Are rights and responsibilities associated with a person’s social position or status

A

social roles

85
Q

___is the process by which we learn to become members of the society

A

socialisation

Sociology (3 decks)

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