Sociology and Psychology Flashcards
describe what health behaviours are
disease prevention seek a remedy sick role health protective behaviours behavioural pathogens
what does socialisation mean
Socialisation describes how individuals learn the norms and values of society, leading to a cohesive and functional society.
describe what is meant by the social determinants of health
The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system
what is meant by upstream factors in terms of social determinants of health
Structural issues, such as socioeconomic policies or income inequality
what is meant by downstream factors in terms of social determinants of health
While ‘downstream’ factors like smoking or stress operate at an individual level – and can be influenced by upstream factors.
what is the definition of health inequalities
Health inequalities are differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups e.g. differences in mobility between elderly people and younger populations; differences in mortality rates between people from different social classes.
what is the inverse care law
“The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.”
name 3 actions that can improve the social determinants of health
- Give every child the best start in life;
- Enable all children young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives;
- Create fair employment and good work for all;
- Ensure healthy standard of living for all;
- Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities;
- Strengthen the role and impact of ill health prevention.
what is health equity
TheWorld Health Organisation defines health equity as creating an environment in which everyone has equal opportunities to live a long and healthy life
define social class
We can define a class as a large-scale grouping of people who share common economic resources, which strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead
what is social stratification
Social stratification is when individuals are ranked on common characteristics, even though they may not identify with each other. People may move up or down between their stratification groupings e.g. upward & downward mobility
Benefits of Social Capital for Health
Facilitates effective co-ordinated action;
improves the local physical and social environment and services;
improves other socio-economic circumstances of individuals;
provides social & psychological support to community members.
what is a social gradient in health
It explains how health worsens the lower the socioeconomic position, and how this is spread across different socioeconomic groups.
The social gradient of health is demonstrated by ‘Marmot’s Curve’
what is the definition of absolute poverty
Absolute poverty – this refers to a fixed standard of living, rather than the rest of the population.
what is the definition of relative poverty
Relative poverty – this compares each household’s income to the median income of their country, where those with less than 60% of the median income are classified as poor. (This 60% poverty line is an agreed international measure and has been used throughout the EU.) This is the measure used in developed countries.
what is the definition of child poverty
Child poverty – household worklessness, income, material deprivation and educational attainment at age 16, that focus on ‘life chances’, are used to measure child poverty.
what is the definition of material deprivation
Material deprivation is when an individual is not able to afford certain possessions most people take for granted, or are unable to replace worn out items. This is often combined with low income to provide a wider measure of living standards.
what is the definition of area deprivation
Area deprivation “may summarise an area’s potential for health risk from ecological concentration of poverty, unemployment, economic disinvestment, and social disorganisation“
what does feminisation of poverty mean
Feminisation of poverty describes how women fare worse in older age because of earning less than men across their lifetimes, taking time off to have children & working part-time
define social exclusion
Social exclusion is defined as the alienation or disenfranchisement of certain people within society
define intersectionality
Intersectionality refers to multiple oppressions that are simultaneous (i.e., gender and ethnicity and class, etc.), inseparable (e.g., the impact of ethnicity cannot be isolated from the impact of gender), and intertwined (e.g., ethnicity and gender are mutually significant in everyday life)
what is Gender Essentialism
Your gender is defined by your biology
Belief that men and women are essentially different
Reinforced by and reinforces gender stereotypes
what is social constructivism in terms of gender
Gender is socially constructed
Gender roles are created by society
Boys and girls are socialised differently
Gender theory:
what is the intrinsic inclination model
We are ‘intrinsically inclined’ to identify as a particular gender
Reference to ‘subconscious sex’
Gender theory:
what is meant by gender performativism
‘The stylised repetition of acts through time’
Gender is something we communicate to others but is also performing an action
Action as identity
These actions are socially constructed
What does LGBTQ+ stand for
LGBTQ+ is an acronym for the following identities: lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning
what does bisexual mean
Bisexual: Bi is an umbrella term used to describe an emotional, romantic and/or sexual orientation towards more than one gender
what does queer mean
Queer: An umbrella term that can be used by anyone under the LGBTQ spectrum. Queer conveys both an orientation and a sense of community
what does it mean to be transgender
Trans/Transgender: Someone who doesn’t identify with the gender they were assigned at birth
what does it mean to be cisgender
Cisgender: Someone who does identify with the gender they were assigned at birth
what does it mean to be non-binary
Non-Binary: A trans person who doesn’t identify as male or female, completely or at all
what are the three causes of stress for the LGBTQ+ community in healthcare
- interpersonal prejudice
- internalised homophobia - low self worth
- heteronormativity
what is disease defined as in the medical model of disease
Disease is an alteration in the biology, a deviation from the recognised ‘normal’ state, an isolated malfunction of a body part.
Disease ‘entities’ have unique symptoms & signs which are compared with ‘normal’ physiological measurements.
It is a deviant state.
what is medicalisation
Medicalisation is when previously non-medical problems are defined and treated as medical problems.
advantages and disadvantages of medicalisation
Advantages:
- Saves lives
Disadvantages:
- Increases the risk of Iatrogenesis which is the inadvertent and preventable
induction of disease or complications by the medical treatment or
procedures of a physician or surgeon
what is meant by symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that emphasises how:
- humans interact with things based on meanings ascribed to those things;
- the ascribed meaning of things comes from our interactions with others and society;
- the meanings of things are interpreted by a person when dealing with things in specific circumstances
what is a contested illness
Contested illnesses are symptoms for which medical experts can find no organic cause e.g. fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome.
Are diagnosed using patients’ subjective reports of symptoms.
Medical practitioners tend to be sceptical that the illnesses are real.
Patients become ‘experts’ in their illness.
define disability
Disability as the outcome of the interaction between a person with an impairment and the environmental and attitudinal barriers he or she may face.
what is disability in the medical model
Disability is viewed as a biological problem, caused by disease or trauma, that requires medical intervention to attempt to “cure” the disability that also requires the individual with the disability to adjust their lives and change their behaviours.
Focuses on disability purely in terms of the impairment that it gives the individual.
(Impairment is a problem in body function or structure)
describe the view on disability in an identity model
disability as a positive identity
describe the view on disability in the human rights model
emphasises the human dignity of people with disabilities; encompasses human rights, civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural rights’; social justice.
describe the view on disability in the cultural model
Cultural model - how different notions of disability and non-disability operate in the context of a specific culture.
define learning disability
Significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information, to learn new skills (significantly impaired intelligence), and
reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social/adaptive functioning), and
onset before the age of 18 years, with a lasting effect on development
describe diagnostic overshadowing
‘once a diagnosis is made of a major condition there is a tendency to attribute all
other problems to that diagnosis, thereby leaving other coexisting conditions
undiagnosed.’
define a chronic condition
A long-term health problem (usually 3 months+) that requires ongoing management over a period of years or decades
what is self
Self refers to the idea we have in our mind’s eye of what we are like that incorporates our public roles, our personality, demographics
what is identity
Identity is the views that others have of us.
what are 4 psycho-social strategies in coping with chronic illness
Denial i.e. rejection of the illness. - may reduce compliance with treatment. + may give patient time to come to terms with illness.
Normalising i.e. does not deny the symptoms, but comes to see the symptoms as normal for them. This neutralises the threat but it may reduce compliance with treatment.
Resignation i.e. their whole sense of self is taken over by the disease. Is dysfunctional as accessing the ‘sick role’ can be beneficial.
Accommodation i.e. the illness is one component part of their self & they focus for most of the time on other aspects of their life. Is a stable strategy.
describe a discredited/discrediting stigma
- A discredited / discrediting stigma is an obvious mark that is easily perceived e.g. wheelchair user.
- These individuals have to negotiate or manage the (stereotypical) impressions that others have of them.
what is a discreditable stigma
- A discreditable stigma is a secret stigma. It is not readily apparent and must be found out along the way e.g. chronic fatigue syndrome.
- These individuals have to manage the information that others have about them (who to tell, when and with what consequences?).
what is meant by felt stigma
Felt stigma refers to the fear of encountering such discrimination, together with an internalized sense of shame / self-stigmatisation.
what is weight bias
Weight bias is defined as negative attitudes towards, and beliefs about, others because of their weight. These negative attitudes are manifested by stereotypes and/or prejudice towards people with overweight and obesity
what is internalised weight bias
Internalized weight bias is defined as holding negative beliefs about oneself due to weight or size
is obesity classified as a disease in the UK?
no
Of which concept is the Inverse Care Law an example?
Downstream factor Fine grain effect Health inequality Health inequity Social gradient
health inequity
What explanation did the Black and Acheson Reports emphasise is a main contributor to health inequalities?
Artefact Behavioural Genetic Materialist Social selection
materialist
Obesity is an example of which sociological theory?
Conflict theory Labelling theory Social constructionism Symbolic interactionism Structural functionalism
social constructionism
Which is the leading cause of morbidity & mortality among men in NI?
Cancer Cardiovascular disease Mental illness Substance misuse Musculoskeletal disorders
Mental illness
What are the main physiological risks affecting lesbian women?
Cardiovascular disease & cancer
Mental illness & cancer
Mental illness & cardiovascular disease
Sexually transmitted disease & cardiovascular disease
Substance abuse & sexually transmitted disease
Mental illness & cancer
How would hypochondriacs be categorised?
Having a contested illness Having an illness that is socially constructed Having a stigmatised illness Having disease without illness Having illness without disease
Having illness without disease
How is disability defined by the WHO?
Functional limitations
Having a physical impairment
Interaction between a person with an impairment and attitudinal barriers
Interaction between a person with an impairment and the environmental and attitudinal barriers
Interaction between a person with an impairment and environmental barriers
Interaction between a person with an impairment and the environmental and attitudinal barriers
